Background

Breast and ovarian cancers are the most common and increasing cancers among women worldwide. From the breast/ovarian cancer cases in Europe 5–10% are diagnosed as hereditary [1] which frequently have early onset [2]. The most common approach to diagnosing hereditary cancer is to investigate family history. However, hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) is often difficult to identify by family history due to the small size of families and uncertain family history records [3]. The incidence of hereditary cancer (diagnosed according to the National Comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) guidelines) is 1.5% of all the breast cancers in Latvia [3]. This is significantly lower than the European average. In other words, many HBOC patients may be unnoticed among the cancer patients considered sporadic, missing an opportunity to be clinically consulted for risk control. Molecular screening of all cancer patients in order to reveal pathogenic high-penetrance mutations is an obvious alternative. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known as the main risk factors of HBOC and are found in about 80% of patients [4, 5]. In Latvia, two founder mutations, c.4035delA and c.5266dupC, of the BRCA1 gene dominate [6, 7], but no prevalent BRCA2 mutation has been reported as yet. Molecular screening of consecutive breast and ovarian cancer patients revealed that 3.77% of breast cancer and 9.9% of ovarian cancer patients had been harboring one of the BRCA1 founder mutations [2]. Identification of new frequent mutations in either of these genes would promote the identification of more HBOC patients without substantial cost increases.

This study provides the results of our attempt to identify new BRCA1/2 mutations in HBOC patients and estimate their usefulness for molecular screening to spot hidden hereditary breast/ovarian cancer patients without a significant family history.

Methods

Study population

50 unrelated patients who had been diagnosed with HBOC from January 2005 to December 2008, according to the NCCN guidelines.

Blood samples for the study material had been collected from consecutive 1075 breast or ovarian cancer patients at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital from January 2005 to December 2008. These patients had been screened for BRCA1 founder mutations c.181T>G (BIC: 300T>G), c.4035delA (BIC: 4154delA) and c.5266dupC (BIC: 5382insC) and found negative earlier [2]. All patients have been informed of the analyses, and they have given written consent to have their blood samples used for DNA analyses. Permission for the research project has been given by the Ethical Committee of Riga Stradins University.

Families which had at least three breast, ovarian or breast and ovarian cancer patients and one of those patients was the first degree relative to other two or the second degree relative through male were classified as HBC, HOC or HBOC families, respectively.

BRCA1 and BRCA2analysis

Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells using the FlexiGene DNA Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Screening of the three most common BRCA1 mutations in Latvia, c.181T>G (BIC: 300T>G), c.4035delA (BIC: 4154delA) and c.5266dupC (BIC: 5382insC), was performed by multiplex PCR. The samples without BRCA1 founder mutations were subjected to direct sequencing of the coding regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and analyzed by ABI PRISM 3130 (Applied Biosystems, USA).

Screening of the BRCA2 c.658delGT mutation was performed by Real Time PCR/High Resolution Melting (HRM) run on Rotor-Gene 6000 amplification (Qiagen, Germany). BRCA2 c.5244delC and c.7316delG mutations were screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The PCR products were digested with AluI and BccI restriction enzymes (NEB, England), respectively. All the mutations detected in HRM and RFLP were confirmed by sequencing. All the primers were as described before [8].

Results

50 unrelated families who corresponded to the NCCN guidelines for HBOC (23 families), HBC (25) and HOC (2) were identified in Latvia from 2005 to 2008. The ethnic composition of the group matched the ethnic structure of the country: 27 Latvian (54% of the HBOC families and 59% of the residents in Latvia), 16 Russian (32% and 28%), 3 Polish (6% and 2.3%), 2 Belarusian (4% and 3.6%) and 2 Ukrainian (4% and 2.5%) families. Screening for three BRCA1 mutations (c.181T>G, c.4035delA and c.5266dupC) revealed that 15 families were (10 HBOC, 3 HBC and 2 HOC) harboring either mutation c.4035delA (8 families) or c.5266dupC (7 families). The distribution of the BRCA1 mutations by ethnicity was as follows: 8 Latvian (29.6% of hereditary cancer families from the same ethnic group), 1 (6%) Russian, 3 (100%) Polish, 2 (100%) Ukrainian and 1 (50%) Belarusian. From the remaining 35 patients, 30 agreed to targeted resequencing of the BRCA1/2 genes.

Four clinically significant mutation and thirteen polymorphisms [9–15] in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were identified by targeted resequencing (Table 1).

Table 1 Polymorphisms found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by exon resequencing
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777 consecutive breast cancer and 298 consecutive ovarian cancer patients were screened for the presence of any of the three BRCA2 mutations found in hereditary cancer families. To detect the c.658delGT variant, Real Time PCR/HRM of exon 8 was performed. Two different melting patterns compared to the wild-type were found in 7 cases. The PCR fragments with different melting curves were sequenced and harbored either the c.658delGT or c.646delG mutation (Table 2). None of these mutations were found among the 298 ovarian cancer patients. No other carriers of mutations c.5244delC and c.7316delG were identified (Table 2).

Table 2 Mutations found in the BRCA2 gene in consecutive breast or ovarian cancer patients
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One HBOC patient and four patients from sporadic cancer group were identified as carriers of the c.658delGT mutation. In three non-HBOC patients the c.646delG mutation was found. Figure 1 shows family pedigrees of patients. Size of family for all patients is relatively small and some patients don’t have previously known cancer cases in family. None of pedigrees of patients from consecutive patients group corresponded to criteria of HBOC.

Figure 1
figure 1

Family pedigrees of the patients with an identified BRCA2 c.658delGT (A-E) and c.646delG (F-H) mutation. A family pedigree of patient from HBOC group, A – H – patients from consecutive patients group. Breast cancer patients are marked in black. Patients with other cancer localization are marked in gray (Pro, prostate; Ut, uterus; Bl, bladder; HN, head and neck; St, stomach). The patients in whom BRCA2 mutations were found by molecular screening are indicated by arrows and information about mutation added to proband.

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Discussion and conclusions

In a previous study, we had screened for BRCA1 founder mutations c.4034delA and c.5266dupC in consecutive breast/ovarian cancer patients, and it showed that 57.5% of mutation carriers did not correspond to the clinical criteria of HBC or HBOC [2]. This indicates that a significant number of patients carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are still missing an opportunity of proper counseling or surveillance of other family members. The main reason for an insufficient detection of HBOC patients based on family histories is due to the small family size resulting into a small number of relatives. In families with a larger number of relatives it is easier to diagnose hereditary cancer. The significant difference in the size of the families who were diagnosed with hereditary cancer syndromes, according to defined criteria, and in the families with non-diagnostic findings has been described previously in the population screening of the Valka region in Latvia [3]. The mean number of blood relatives within the families with hereditary cancer syndromes, according to criteria, was 13.6, whereas it was 9.5 for the families not diagnosed with hereditary cancer syndrome but whose members were carriers of the BRCA1 founder mutation. In the case of hereditary breast cancer, clinical findings based on family history do not overlap with the results of molecular screening, and molecular screening reveals more mutation carriers than clinical criteria.

Our findings show that in total seven patients not diagnosed with HBOC based on family history were harboring deleterious mutation in BRCA2. One of the mutations which was found in the non-HBOC group of this study, c.658delGT, is listed in the BIC database (886delGT) [16]. This mutation has also been reported as a genetic risk factor of brain tumor development in the Fanconi anaemia group D1 [13, 17]. The frequency of the mutation c.658delGT in BRCA2 is 0.9% in Polish ovarian-stomach and ovarian cancer families [18], 1.9% in Portuguese breast cancer families [19] and 0.09% in American breast cancer patients [20]. The frequency of the c.658delGT mutation in BRCA2 in this study was 2% in the HBOC patient group and 0.51% in the consecutive breast cancer patient group. This is the most common BRCA2 mutation in Latvia. To our best knowledge, the BRCA2 c.646delG mutation has not been reported as yet.

Despite finding 10 BRCA2 mutation carriers in the breast cancer patients, we did not find any BRCA2 mutation carriers in the ovarian cancer patients. Due to the small number of ovarian cancer patients in the HBOC patient group, we might have missed the BRCA2 mutations which tend to affect the risk of ovarian cancer. Inspecting the pedigree charts of BRCA2 mutation carriers for ovarian cancer families, just one ovarian cancer family member in a BRCA2 c.7316delG carrier family was found. However, the relation between ovarian cancer and the BRCA2 mutation is uncertain because we did not analyze the mutation status of other family members except the proband.

In this study, we found BRCA2 mutations with probable founder effect in patients without a significant family history using molecular screening. It can be useful to screen all consecutive breast cancer patients for the specific BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with founder effect.