Abstract
A new class of Hardy type operator defined on a higher-dimensional product space is discussed. It includes two different kinds of the classical Hardy operators. In addition, we also consider the fractional Hardy operator . The bound of operator from to is explicitly worked out. Especially, the bound of operator from to is sharp.
MSC:26D10, 26D15, 42B99.
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1 Introduction
The most fundamental averaging operator is the Hardy operator defined by
where the function f is a nonnegative integrable on and . A classical inequality, due to Hardy [1], states that
holds for , and the constant is best possible.
For the multidimensional case , generally speaking, there exist two different definitions. One is the rectangle averaging operator defined by
where the function f is a nonnegative measurable function on and , .
Another definition is the spherical averaging operator, which was given by Christ and Grafakos in [2] as follows:
where f is a nonnegative measurable function on .
The boundedness of operator are discussed in many papers (cf. [3–6]). , the norm of , is and obviously depends on the dimension of the space. However, , the norm of ℋ, is still , and does not depend on the dimension of the space. The reason of generating the difference of the two kind of operators is, roughly speaking, that each variable can independently dilate by itself in the operator , nevertheless, for the operator ℋ, all variables dilate by the same scale simultaneously. Generally speaking, the spherical averaging operator has better properties than the rectangle averaging operator does, such as the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function. A detailed account of the history of the topic can be found in the book [7]; see also Kufner and Persson’s book [8].
For the operator , we note that every variable is defined on the one-dimensional space. In this paper, we shall extent the definition of so that every variable is spherical average defined on a higher-dimensional space.
Next, we will give the definition of Hardy type operator on higher-dimensional product spaces as follows and discuss the corresponding properties.
Definition 1.1 Let , , , , and f be a nonnegative measurable function on . The Hardy type operator is defined by
where with .
Our first aim in this paper is to provide transparent treatments of multivariate inequalities of higher-dimensional Hardy type both for the rectangle and for the ball case. Our results subsume those of [9] and [6]. In fact, if , then the operator will become ℋ defined by (2); if , then will become defined by (1). Consequently, the operator includes both and ℋ. It is much significant to discuss the properties of .
Our second aim is to consider the fractional Hardy operator on the Lebesgue spaces. Recall that, for a nonnegative measurable function f on , the n-dimensional fractional Hardy operator with spherical mean is defined by
where (cf. [10]). Clearly, , where is the fractional Hardy-Littlewood maximal function defined by
where f is a measurable function.
For , , and , the following two statements (a) and (b) are well-known (cf. [11]).
-
(a)
If , then
-
(b)
if , then, for any ,
However the constant C, the bound of operator , were not given explicit expression of depending on the parameters p, q and β. In this paper, the bounds of the operator from to and from to are explicitly worked out. Furthermore, we will show that the constant 1 is the bound of operator from to and is beat possible, that is,
Throughout the paper, we use the following notation. The set denotes a ball with center at the original point and radius , and denotes the volume of the ball ; .
2 Sharp bounds for the Hardy type operator on product space
Theorem 2.1 Let , , , , . If , where and , then the Hardy type operator defined in (3) is bounded on , moreover, the norm of can be obtained as follows:
Proof of Theorem 2.1 We merely give the proof with the case for the sake of clarity in writing, and the same is true for the general case . We adapt some ideas and methods used in [12].
Set
where and , . Obviously, g is a nonnegative radial function with respect to the variables and , respectively. In the following, we briefly call this function is a radial function on product space.
It follows that is equal to
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equi_HTML.gif)
Using the generalized Minkowski’s inequality and Hölder’s inequality, we conclude that is equal to
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equj_HTML.gif)
Thus, we conclude that the following inequality:
holds provided that . In addition, clearly if f is a nonnegative radial function, then we have . This means that the norm of the operator is equal to the norm that restricts to the set of nonnegative radial functions. Consequently, without loss of generality, it suffices to fulfil the proof of the theorem by assuming that f is a nonnegative radial function.
Substituting the variables and , we have that equals
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equl_HTML.gif)
Using the generalized Minkowski’s inequality again and noting that f is a radial function with respect to the first variable and the second variable, respectively, we have that is not greater than
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equm_HTML.gif)
where is the volume of the unit ball in , .
Therefore, it implies that
Next, we need to prove the converse inequality.
For the purpose of getting the sharp bound, we set
and define
It follows from the elementary calculation that is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equq_HTML.gif)
We rewrite as follows:
Thus, we estimate the norm of as follows:
Therefore, it implies that
Consequently, using the definition of the norm of the operator and letting , we conclude that
This finishes the proof of the theorem. □
3 Explicit bounds for the fractional Hardy operator
Theorem 3.1 Suppose that , and .
-
(i)
If , then we have
where
-
(ii)
If , then for any ,
Moreover,
Proof of (i) of Theorem 3.1 Set as above. Let
Clearly, is a radial function.
Using the generalized Minkowski inequality and Hölder’s inequality, we have that
Therefore, we have that
As above, this means that the norm of the operator from to is equal to the norm that restricts to radial functions. Consequently, without loss of generality, it suffices to carry out the proof of the theorem by assuming that f is a radial function.
A simple estimate implies that equals
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equad_HTML.gif)
where we use the well-known consequence that ℋ is bounded on with the sharp bound and the following relationship:
To obtain a better lower bound of , we can take , . Then
We have
So, we have
Let , . Taking , we get , where is the derivative of the function g. It can be easily verified that the function defined over the open interval has a unique global maximum at the point . Taking together with inequality (5), we get
□
Proof of (ii) of Theorem 3.1
Since
we have that
Next, we will show that the constant 1 is a sharp bound by constructing a suitable function. In fact, set
we have
It follows that
We assert that for all . We rewrite
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equan_HTML.gif)
Next, we estimate two sets A and B, respectively.
If , then . It follows that
If , then . It follows that
Consequently, we have . This implies that .
For any , we conclude that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2013-148/MediaObjects/13660_2012_Article_582_Equ7_HTML.gif)
If there exists a constant C such that
holds for all . Then we can choose that
It follows from equality (7) that
always holds for every . Letting , this forces that . This means that the constant 1 is sharp. □
At the end of this paper, we revisit the lower bound of . Using L’Hospital’s rule, we obtain that
This implies that
Remark 3.1 If , the operator is reduced to the classical Hardy operator ℋ. In addition, in order to study the endpoint estimate for Hardy operator, we in [13] modified the definition of (2) as follows:
where f is a measurable function on . In fact, the operators and ℋ enjoy the same boundedness property for and , but they do not have the same property involving the Hardy space . For instance, the operator is bounded from to ; but the operator ℋ is not since ℋ is nonnegative (cf. [13]).
The well-known fact is that (cf. [2]) and (cf. [13]). On account of these facts, we guess that the lower bound of (i) in Theorem 3.1 is sharp.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks to the referees for valuable advice regarding a previous version of this paper. This research was supported by NNSF of China (Grant Nos. 11271175, 10931001, 10771221, 11271162 and 11201287), NSF of Beijing (Grant No. 1092004) and NSF of Zhejiang (Grant No. Y6110074). This work was also supported by the FCDU in Shanghai and the KLMCS (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.
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Lu, S., Yan, D. & Zhao, F. Sharp bounds for Hardy type operators on higher-dimensional product spaces. J Inequal Appl 2013, 148 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-148
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-148