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Chitin deacetylase: from molecular structure to practical applications

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Abstract

Chitosan and chitooligosaccharides (COS), as derivatives of chitin through deacetylation reaction, have broad applications due to their good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and solubility. In addition, chitosan and COS are involved in cell wall morphogenesis and host–pathogen interactions in vivo. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the de-N-acetylation of chitin. They are widely distributed in protozoa, algae, bacteria, fungi, and insects with important physiological functions. Compared with the traditional chemical method, enzymatic catalysis by CDAs provides an enzymatic catalysis method to produce chitosan and COS with controllable deacetylation site and environmental friendliness. These characteristics attract researchers to produce CDAs by fungicides or pesticides. However, researches on heterologous expression and directed evolution of CDAs are still lacking. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge of CDAs, especially for heterologous expression systems and directed evolution strategies, which may contribute to the industrial production and future application of CDAs.

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Abbreviations

COS:

Chitooligosaccharides

CDAs:

Chitin deacetylases

CODs:

Chitooligosaccharides deacetylases

GlcNAc:

N-Acetylglucosamine

GlcN:

Glucosamine

DP:

Degree of polymerization

MW:

Molecular weight

DA:

Degree of acetylation

PA:

Pattern of acetylation

CE4:

Carbohydrate esterase family 4

Dacs:

Diacetylchitobiose deacetylases

D n :

(GlcNH2)n

paCOS:

Partially acetylated chitooligosaccharides

A n :

(GlcNAc)n

GST-tag:

Glutathione S-transferase-tag

MBP:

Maltose binding protein

PDB:

Protein data bank

RBS:

Ribosomal binding site

5′ UTR:

5′ Untranslated region

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

CAST:

Combinatorial active site saturation test

HTS:

High-throughput screening

SACA:

Synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A

CWP:

Cell wall proteins

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0900300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32021005, 31870069), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (JUSRP52019A, JUSRP121010, JUSRP221013), and Shandong Province Key R & D Program (Major Science and Technology Innovation Project) Project (2019JZZY011002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China

    Ziyang Huang, Xueqin Lv, Guoyun Sun, Xinzhu Mao, Yanfeng Liu, Jianghua Li, Guocheng Du & Long Liu

  2. Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China

    Ziyang Huang, Xueqin Lv, Guoyun Sun, Xinzhu Mao, Yanfeng Liu, Jianghua Li, Guocheng Du & Long Liu

  3. Shandong Runde Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tai’an, 271000, China

    Wei Lu

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  1. Ziyang Huang
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  2. Xueqin Lv
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  5. Wei Lu
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  9. Long Liu
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Contributions

LL conceived and designed the manuscript. ZYH provided and analyzed literature, wrote the manuscript. XZM and GYS compiled the references and prepared the figures. XQL and LL revising the manuscript, HZZ, WL, YFL, JHL and GCD were responsible for revising and supervising. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Long Liu.

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Huang, Z., Lv, X., Sun, G. et al. Chitin deacetylase: from molecular structure to practical applications. Syst Microbiol and Biomanuf 2, 271–284 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43393-022-00077-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43393-022-00077-9

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