Abstract
Purpose
To determine the frequencies of various diseases associated with all types of early-onset scoliosis, both idiopathic and nonidiopathic.
Methods
Retrospective collection of patients within a 21-year interval. Children under 10 years old presenting with scoliosis were included. Medical records were used to collect: identifier, date of birth, sex, diagnosis, follow-up, curve pattern, comorbidities, initial and final cobb angle. Different patient variables were tabulated with associated comorbidities for comparison.
Results
The cohort contained 469 patients, with 227(48.4%) males and 242(51.6%) females. Total comorbidities equaled 1051, where 190 were unique. Only 124(26.4%) patients had an isolated diagnosis of early-onset scoliosis, 79(16.8%) had a single comorbidity, and 266(56.7%) had multiple comorbidities. “Global developmental delay” was most commonly observed, 198(42.2%) times. The central nervous system was involved more often than other organ systems, seen in 394(54.4%) instances. Males had more comorbidities than females. Idiopathic patients had the least number of comorbidities, while neuromuscular patients had the most. Idiopathic types had more musculoskeletal conditions, while congenital types had more cardiovascular diseases. Curve sides did not affect distributions. Cases which progressed had more comorbidities, especially in the respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. Diseases that could affect either extremity or side, were more likely to be bilateral.
Conclusions
Early-onset scoliosis patients may present with complex comorbidities in multiple organ systems. The most commonly observed disease entities were: global developmental delay, developmental dysplasia of the hip, and epilepsy. Clinicians should be aware of the common associations, in order to screen for and begin appropriate investigations, referrals, and treatments in affected cases.
Level of evidence
Level III.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to strict data privacy laws, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The study would not have been possible without the help of Ms. Ami AlNouri Nishimori, who translated patient medical records from Japanese to English.
Funding
This study received funding from the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Spine Group at Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine.
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MA: conception and design, acquisition and data, Analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision. KW: acquisition and data, critical revision, obtaining funding, administrative and technical support, supervision. GK: critical revision, obtaining funding, administrative and technical support, supervision. TA: critical revision, obtaining funding, administrative and technical support. YN: critical revision, administrative and technical support. TM: acquisition and data, administrative and technical support, supervision. RU: acquisition and data, administrative and technical support, supervision. MA: acquisition and data, administrative and technical support. YI: critical revision, obtaining funding, administrative and technical support, supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ethical approval (#2021211) was granted by the local ethics committee at Hirosaki University.
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AlNouri, M., Wada, K., Kumagai, G. et al. Diseases and comorbidities associated with early-onset scoliosis: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Spine Deform 11, 481–486 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43390-022-00613-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43390-022-00613-6