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Anthropogenic habitat disturbance and food availability affect the abundance of an endangered primate: a regional approach

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Abstract

Anthropogenic habitat disturbances are causing large-scale declines in animal abundance. For many species, information on the drivers of decline is lacking or restricted to single sites, despite calls for regional approaches. In this study, we determined the effect of different types of habitat disturbance (natural or anthropogenic) and ecological factors on Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) abundance using a regional approach. We selected this study species because of its high degree of social flexibility and its endangered status. We surveyed 4 sites in the Yucatan Peninsula and recorded the number of individual monkeys encountered along 72 line-transect segments each measuring 500 m. Habitat disturbance variables were obtained from open-access databases and included distance to roads, presence and number of hurricanes, forest loss, and presence of forest fires. Ecological factors were based on data collected during vegetation surveys and included number and basal area of feeding tree species, and canopy height. We ran generalized linear mixed models and found that monkey abundance was negatively affected by forest loss but positively affected by the basal area of feeding trees. We, therefore, suggest that a combination of anthropogenic and ecological factors affects spider monkey abundance. Spider monkey’s high degree of social flexibility may be a mechanism allowing them to adjust to changes in their environment when canopy connectivity is not lost. Our results provide policy and conservation decision makers with key information to develop regional conservation plans. Additionally, our methods can be used to identify the factors that affect the abundance of other mammal species.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Karla Hernandez Hernandez, Braulio Pinacho-Guendulain and local field assistants in Bala’an K’aax, Calakmul, Otoch Ma’ax yetel Kooh and Los Arboles for assistance with data collection. We thank Alfredo Dorantes Euán for help in identifying tree species and Dr. V. Sosa Fernández, Dr. R. Guevara-Hernández and Dr. V. Arroyo-Rodríguez for advice on the analyses. We would also like to thank Operation Wallacea, the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., the Instituto de Neuroetología of the Universidad Veracruzana and Los Arboles Tulum for logistical support. This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [CONACYT: CVU: 637,705]; CONANP [PROCER/DRPYyCM/2/2015]; National Geographic Society [9784-15]; and Chester Zoo. Research complied with protocols approved by the Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales [SEMARNAT: SGPA/DGVS/10405/15] and adhered to the legal requirements of Mexico. The Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) and Los Arboles Tulum gave us permission to conduct surveys in the four protected areas. We thank Dr. Emmanuel Serrano and one anonymous reviewer for their comments on this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Denise Spaan, Jorge E. Morales-Mávil & Filippo Aureli

  2. ConMonoMaya, A.C., 97770, Chemax, Yucatan, Mexico

    Denise Spaan, Gabriel Ramos-Fernández, Colleen M. Schaffner & Filippo Aureli

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Juanito Itzicuaro, 58330, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Denise Spaan

  4. Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Circuto Escolar 3000, C.U., 04510, Mexico City, Mexico

    Gabriel Ramos-Fernández

  5. Unidad Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2580, La Laguna Ticoman, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico

    Gabriel Ramos-Fernández

  6. Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91073, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Martha Bonilla-Moheno

  7. Psychology Department, Adams State University, 208 Edgemont Blvd, Alamosa, CO, 81101, USA

    Colleen M. Schaffner

  8. Research Department, Operation Wallacea, Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX, UK

    Kathy Slater

  9. Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byron Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK

    Filippo Aureli

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  1. Denise Spaan
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Spaan, D., Ramos-Fernández, G., Bonilla-Moheno, M. et al. Anthropogenic habitat disturbance and food availability affect the abundance of an endangered primate: a regional approach. Mamm Biol 100, 325–333 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00025-x

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