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Simulation of Draught Force During Chisel Ploughing Using Discrete Element Method

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Abstract

Purpose

Chiseling is an essential tillage practice in conservation tillage systems. One of the main methods in soil–tool behaviour analysis of a tillage implement like chisel plough is numerical simulation. The discrete element method (DEM) is one of the most powerful techniques for this purpose. In this study, draught force of a mounted type chisel plough with nine C-shanks was predicted using DEM when working in a clay-loam soil.

Methods

The effects of forward speed (3, 4 and 5 km h-1) and working depth (10, 15 and 20 cm) on the draught force were investigated. The available commercial EDEM software was used for the simulations, and combination of hysteric spring with cohesion/adhesion forces was employed as the contact model.

Results

The numerical results were compared to experimental trials and well-known analytical model (McKyes and Ali) results. The experimental results were obtained to be within 3.24–34.9% and 9–35% larger than DEM-simulated and analytical calculated draught, respectively. A regression equation was developed in accordance with the simulated data. According to the values of statistical parameters (R2, RMSE and MRD), the established model had good accuracy.

Conclusions

From the simulations, it was concluded that draught force increased with an increase in working depth and forward speed. Also, it was found that the DEM results had higher accuracy than analytical results.

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Abbreviations

Ac :

Contact area (m2)

a:

Translational acceleration (m s−2)

bn :

User-defined damping factor

C:

Soil cohesion (Pa)

Ca :

Soil metal adhesion (Pa)

d:

Tillage depth (m)

E:

Young’s modulus (Pa)

E* :

Equivalent Young’s modulus (Pa)

e:

Coefficient of restitution

Fn :

Total normal contact force (N)

\( {F}_n^d \) :

Normal damping force (N)

\( {F}_n^s \) :

Normal contact force (N)

F c/a :

Cohesion/adhesion force (N)

F result :

Resultant force (N)

F t :

Total tangential contact force (N)

\( {F}_t^d \) :

Tangential damping force (N)

\( {F}_t^s \) :

Tangential contact force (N)

G:

Shear modulus (Pa)

G ∗ :

Equivalent shear modulus (Pa)

g :

Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m s−2)

H:

Draught force (N)

J:

Mass moment of inertia (kg m2)

K1 :

Stiffness for loading (N m−1)

K2 :

Stiffness for unloading (N m−1)

M r :

Moment due to rolling friction (N m)

M result :

Resultant moment (N m)

M t :

Moment of total tangential force (N m)

m:

Mass (kg)

m ∗ :

Equivalent mass (kg)

N a :

Factor due to acceleration forces (dimensionless)

N c :

Soil cohesion factor (dimensionless)

N ca :

Soil adhesion factor (dimensionless)

N q :

Surcharge factor (dimensionless)

N γ :

Soil density factor (dimensionless)

P:

Cutting force (N)

q :

Surcharge pressure (Pa)—zero for current research

r :

Radius (m)

r c :

Contact radius (m)

r con :

Perpendicular distance of the contact point from the centre of mass (m)

r ∗ :

Equivalent radius (m)

V:

Velocity (m s−1)

\( {\overrightarrow{v}}_n^{rel} \) :

Relative normal velocity (m s−1)

\( {\overrightarrow{v}}_t^{rel} \) :

Relative tangential velocity (m s−1)

w :

Tool width (m)

Y:

Yield strength (Pa)

α :

Rake angle of the tool (degree)

β :

Soil failure angle (degree)

γ :

Soil density (kg m−3)

γ t :

Stiffness factor

δ :

Angle of soil metal friction (degree)

δ 0 :

Residual overlap due to the plastic deformation (m)

δ n :

Normal overlap at the contact point (m)

\( \ddot{\theta} \) :

Rotational acceleration (rad s−2)

λ θ :

Unit vector of angular velocity at the contact point

μ :

Coefficient of friction

μ r :

Coefficient of rolling friction

ν :

Poisson’s ratio (dimensionless)

ξ :

Cohesion energy density (J m−3)

σ pc :

Pre-compression stress (Pa)

σ y :

Particle yield stress (Pa)

φ :

Angle of internal friction of soil (degree)

d.b:

Dry basis

DEM:

Discrete element method

RNAM:

Regional network for agricultural machinery

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to anonymous reviewers who devoted their valuable time to inspect the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Jahrom University, PO BOX 74135-111, Jahrom, Iran

    Hossein Rahmanian-Koushkaki & Mahmood Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki

  2. Biosystems Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Hadi Azimi-Nejadian

Authors
  1. Hossein Rahmanian-Koushkaki
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  2. Mahmood Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki
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  3. Hadi Azimi-Nejadian
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Rahmanian-Koushkaki.

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Highlights

• Draught force of a chisel plough was predicted in clay-loam soil using DEM.

• Combination of hysteric spring with cohesion/adhesion was used as contact model.

• The results were compared to analytical model and experimental data.

• A regression model was developed based on DEM data.

• The DEM model could predict the draught force with good accuracy.

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Rahmanian-Koushkaki, H., Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki, M. & Azimi-Nejadian, H. Simulation of Draught Force During Chisel Ploughing Using Discrete Element Method. J. Biosyst. Eng. 47, 152–166 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-022-00133-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-022-00133-1

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