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Assessment of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) via diet-bioassay technique under controlled conditions

  • Original Research Article
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Abstract

Chemical control of Bactrocera cucurbitae in crops biomagnifies toxic residues in fruits and vegetables imposes health-hazard effects on consumers and demands for eco-friendly approaches. Present research assessed the bio-efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and Bacillus thuringiensis by adult-diet-bioassay at eleven concentrations (1 × 108, 5 × 107, 1 × 107, 5 × 106, 1 × 106, 5 × 105, 1 × 105, 5 × 104, 1 × 104, 5 × 103 and 1 × 103 CFU ml−1) of each entomopathogen against B. cucurbitae at three post-exposure-intervals (PEI) under controlled conditions. The results revealed that the maximum concentration (1 × 108 CFU ml−1) of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, V. lecanii and B. thuringiensis caused 5.3 to 7.7, 7.4 to 9.2, 5.3 to 6.7 and 5.1 to 11.2 times higher mortality in B. cucurbitae, respectively at 10 d PEI as compared to mortality demonstrated by the same concentration at 3 d PEI. All tested microbial-insecticides induced statistically similar mortality in both male and female B. cucurbitae at each concentration for the same PEI. Correlation coefficient (r) values reveal that concentrations of each microbial-insecticide had a high positive correlation with mortalities of male and female B. cucurbitae [r(B. bassiana) = 0.691 to 0.865, r(M. anisopliae) = 0.643 to 0.849, r(V. lecanii) = 0.508 to 0.886 and r(B. thuringiensis) = 0.591 to 0.812]. Regression-parameters reveal that concentrations of tested microbial-insecticides had significant linear-relationship with and explained significant variability in B. cucurbitae mortality (P < 0.05). At maximum PEI (10 d), B. bassiana exhibited least LC50 (4.10 × 101 to 1.87 × 102 CFU ml−1) and proved highly toxic followed by M. anisopliae (1.16 × 102 to 3.55 × 102 CFU ml−1), B. thuringiensis (2.97 × 102 to 5.92 × 102 CFU ml−1) and V. lecanii (4.50 × 102 to 7.64 × 102 CFU ml−1). In conclusion, B. bassiana incorporated adult-diet proved highly effective against B. cucurbitae followed by M. anisopliae, B. thuringiensis and V. lecanii. Hence, B. bassiana can be recommended for incorporation in bait-traps to develop attract-and-kill technology for B. cucurbitae.

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Data availability

The data used and analyzed during this project are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

var. :

Variety

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

PEI:

Post-exposure-interval

MRL:

Maximum Residual Limit

EPM:

Entomopathogenic microbe

IPM:

Integrated pest management

EPF:

Entomopathogenic fungi

EPB:

Entomopathogenic bacteria

IU:

International Unit

SDAY:

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Yeast

psi:

Pound per square inch

VFinal :

Final volume of stock solution needed to prepare required concentration

VStock :

Volume of stock solution

CStock :

Concentration of stock solution

CFinal :

Final concentration to be prepared.

NBA:

Nutrient-Broth-media

LC50 :

Lethal concentration required to kill 50% of insects

LT50 :

Lethal time required to kill 50% of insects

h:

hour(s)

min:

minute(s)

d:

day(s)

ANOVA:

Analysis of Variance

α:

Significance level

R2 :

Coefficient of determination

Bt :

Bacillus thuringiensis

♂:

Male

♀:

Female

χ2 :

Chi square value

df :

Degree of freedom

p value:

Probability value

LC:

Lethal concentration

FL:

Fiducial limit

SE:

Standard error

C0:

Control

C1:

1 × 103 CFU ml−1

C2:

5 × 103 CFU ml−1

C3:

1 × 104 CFU ml−1

C4:

5 × 104 CFU ml−1

C5:

1 × 105 CFU ml−1

C6:

5 × 105 CFU ml−1

C7:

1 × 106 CFU ml−1

C8:

5 × 106 CFU ml−1

C9:

1 × 107 CFU ml−1

C10:

5 × 107 CFU ml−1

C11:

1 × 108 CFU ml−1

CI:

Confidence interval

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Acknowledgments

The authors highly acknowledge the authorities of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for all physical/infrastructural resources of the institution utilized during the conduct of this part of the research. The authors are also highly obliged to the AgriLife SOM Phytopharma (India) Limited (www.agrilife.in) for providing entomopathogenic fungi free of cost for experimental use.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrated Pest Management Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

    Mubashar Iqbal, Muhammad Dildar Gogi, Muhammad Junaid Nisar & Muhammad Jalal Arif

  2. Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Punjab, Pakistan

    Bilal Atta

  3. Nematology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Nazir Javed

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  1. Mubashar Iqbal
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  2. Muhammad Dildar Gogi
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  3. Bilal Atta
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  4. Muhammad Junaid Nisar
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  5. Muhammad Jalal Arif
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  6. Nazir Javed
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Contributions

MI and MDG collected, analyzed and interpreted the data and drafted the preliminary manuscript; MJN, MJA and NJ helped in designing the experiment, interpreting data and improving the preliminary manuscript; BA involved in designing the experimental layout, analyzing the data, drafting and refining the preliminary manuscript and provision of raw materials required for the conduct of this research. All authors finally reviewed, improved and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Dildar Gogi.

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Iqbal, M., Gogi, M.D., Atta, B. et al. Assessment of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki against Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) via diet-bioassay technique under controlled conditions. Int J Trop Insect Sci 41, 1129–1145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00298-2

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