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Insecticides susceptibility of An. melas and its morphological discrimination with its sympatric siblings using the biometric palps technique

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Abstract

In the central western Senegal, great progress has been made against malaria following the successful implementation of effective malaria control interventions, including Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC). However, residual transmissions are still occurring in several hotspots involving some secondary vector species, such as An. melas. This study was undertaken in central and western costal area of Senegal, to provide the first data on the insecticide susceptibility of local An. melas population using WHO test kits, the allelic frequencies of the Kdr and Ace-1R mutations using qPCR and also re-evaluate the palp biometry technique as a proxy to discriminate An. melas from other freshwater species within the Gambiae complex. Insecticide susceptibility test revealed a susceptibility of An. melas to Pirimiphos-methyl, and Bendiocarb, the two main non-pyrethroid insecticides recommended by the WHOPES for use in public health. The molecular characterization of the Kdr and Ace-1 target site mutations revealed the absence of both mutations. The biometric palps technique has been a valid method for species diagnose between An. melas and its freshwater sibling. Indeed, while the former species collected exclusively from salty breeding sites (with a level of salinity above 21 g/l), consistently displayed a palpal index ≥0.81; the latter, sampled for breeding site of low salinity level (up to 3.6 g/l) and subsequently mainly identified as An. arabiensis and in a lesser extend as An. gambiae, presented a palpal index less than 0.81. This study has re-evaluated and validated the palps biometric technique as a morphological tool for the identification of An. melas, which population still susceptible to main insecticide used in public health and revealed the absence of KDR and Ace-1 mutations. The data provided here can help the Senegalese NMCP to better target and efficiently control An. melas populations in malaria hotspot, where they contribute to maintain residual transmission hampering the malaria elimination goal.

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Abbreviations

IRS:

Indoor Residual Spraying

SMC:

Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention

WHO:

World health organization

Kdr:

Knock-down resistance

Ace-1:

Acetylcholinesterase (Ace-1) target site mutation

WHOPES:

World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

NMCP:

National Malaria Control program

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PVA:

Polyvinyl Alcohol

DNA:

desoxyribonucleic Acid

DDT:

Dichlorodiphényltrichloroéthane

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Funding

This work was supported through the DELTAS Africa Initiative [DEL-15-010]. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)‘s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Welcome Trust [grant:107741/A/15/Z] and the UK government. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of AAS, NEPAD Agency, Wellcome Trust or the UK government’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal

    Ousmane Sy, M. A. Nourdine, A. K. Dia, B. Samb, A. Ndiaye, P. C. Sarr, O. K. Guèye, L. Konaté, O. Faye & E. A. Niang

  2. Laboratoire de Parasitologie médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et d’Odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal

    M. Ndiaye & O. Gaye

Authors
  1. Ousmane Sy
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  2. M. A. Nourdine
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  3. M. Ndiaye
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  4. A. K. Dia
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  5. B. Samb
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  6. A. Ndiaye
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  8. O. K. Guèye
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  9. L. Konaté
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  10. O. Gaye
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  11. O. Faye
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  12. E. A. Niang
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Contributions

OS, EAN, LK, OG and OF designed the study. OF, OS and OG supervised the study. OS carried out the field collections and performed the experiments with AN, MAN and PCS. OS, EAN, MN, AKD, OKG and OF contributed toward data analysis. OS, EAN, MN, AKD, BS and MAN analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ousmane Sy.

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Sy, O., Nourdine, M.A., Ndiaye, M. et al. Insecticides susceptibility of An. melas and its morphological discrimination with its sympatric siblings using the biometric palps technique. Int J Trop Insect Sci 40, 829–836 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00138-3

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