Abstract
Coconut shell as biochar was acquired by warm disintegration of natural material under limited supply of oxygen. It offers basic and financially savvy techniques to treat wastewater and diminishing carbon impression. Combination of both (constructed wetland and biochar) advancements was established to expand the efficiency in the treatment of domestic and tannery wastewater. Reduction in parameters such as pH, turbidity, and other physico-chemical parameters from domestic and tannery wastewater utilizing biochar from coconut shell was researched by blending the biochar with the wetland soil. The biochar altered wetlands demonstrated noteworthy reduction efficiencies of 99.9% and 85% in turbidity and TDS when contrasted with the normal wetlands which showed an effectiveness of 98% and 77.7% in reducing turbidity and TDS, for domestic wastewater. For tannery wastewater, the biochar mixed wetlands demonstrated a reduction efficiency of 99% and 83% in turbidity and TDS, separately when contrasted with the ordinary wetlands which displayed a reduction efficiency of 87% and 74% in reducing turbidity and TDS. The normal wetlands showed better productivity of 93% in nitrogen reduction when contrasted with biochar wetlands with a reduction efficiency of 77%. Concentration of Cr has been diminished marginally more in biochar wetlands.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Fattah, T. M., Mahmoud, M. E., Ahmed, S. B., Huff, M. D., Lee, J. W., & Kumar, S. (2014). Biochar from woody biomass for removing metal contaminants and carbon sequestration. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 22, 103–109.
Bolduc, M., Dorais, M., Gravel, V., Rochette, P., & Antoun, H. (2012). Enrichment of artificial wetlands with biochar to improve their efficiency and reduce N2O emission. http://www.oacc.info/COSC/. Accessed 16 Jan 2017.
Bozorgi, M., Abbasizadeh, S., Samani, F., & Mousavi, S. E. (2018). Performance of synthesized cast and electrospun PVA/chitosan/ZnO-NH2 nano-adsorbents in single and simultaneous adsorption of cadmium and nickel ions from wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(18), 17457–17472.
Calheiros, C. S. C., Rangel, A. O. S. S., & Castro, P. M. L. (2007). Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of tannery wastewater. Water Research, 41, 1790–1798.
Deeptha, V. T., Sudarsan, J. S., & Baskar, G. (2015). Performance and cost evaluation of constructed wetland for domestic waste water treatment. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36(5), 1071–1074.
Dong, X., Ma, L. Q., & Li, Y. (2011). Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by using biochar from sugar beet tailing. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190, 909–915.
EPA. (1988). Design manual of constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems for municipal wastewater treatment, EPA/625/1-88/022.
EPA. (1999). Manual-constructed wetlands treatment of municipal wastewaters, EPA/625/R-99/010, September 1999, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPR. (1996). The environment (protection) rules, India.
Foereid, B. (2015). Biochar in nutrient recycling: The effect and its use in wastewater treatment. Open Journal of Soil Science, 5, 39–44.
Gupta, P., Ann, T. W., & Lee, S. M. (2015). Use of biochar to enhance constructed wetland performance in wastewater reclamation. Environmental Engineering Research, 21(1), 36–44.
Haynesa, R. J. (2014). Use of industrial wastes as media in constructed wetlands and filter beds—Prospects for removal of phosphate and metals from wastewater streams. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology.
Inyang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., Zimmerman, A. R., Pullammanappallil, P., et al. (2012). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass. Bioresource Technology, 110, 50–56.
Islam, B. I., Musa, A. E., Ibrahim, E. H., Salma, A. A. S., & Babiker, M. E. (2014). Evaluation and characterization of tannery wastewater. Journal of Forest Products & Industries, 3(3), 141–150.
Jahan, M. A. A., Akhtar, N., Khan, N. M. S., Roy, C. K., Islam, R., & Nurunnabi, M. (2014). Characterization of tannery wastewater and its treatment by aquatic macrophytes and algae. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 49(4), 233–242.
Jayasanthakumari, H., Krishnamoorthy, P., & Arumugam, T. K. (2015). Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm studies on the removal of chromium by Typha latifolia bioremediator stem carbon. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 6(6), 1532–1541.
Jindo, K., Mizumoto, H., Sawada, Y., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A., & Sonoki, T. (2014). Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues. Biogeosciences, 11, 6613–6621.
Leura-Vicencio, A., Alonso-Castro, A. J., Carranza-Álvarez, C., Loredo-Portales, R., Alfaro-De la Torre, M. C., & García-De la Cruz, R. F. (2013). Removal and accumulation of As, Cd and Cr by Typha latifolia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 90, 650–653.
Liu, Z., & Zhang, F. S. (2009). Removal of lead from water using biochars prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 933–939.
Mustafa, M. (2013). Constructed wetland for wastewater treatment and reuse: A case study of developing country. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4(1), 20.
Perez-Mercado, L. F., Lalander, C., Berger, C., & Dalahmeh, S. S. (2018). Potential of biochar filters for onsite wastewater treatment: Effects of biochar type, physical properties and operating conditions. Water, 10, 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121835.
Prasanna, K., Sudarsan, J. S., & Nithiyanantham, S. (2017). Wastewater treatment using combined biological and constructed wetlands technique in paper mills. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 3(2), 1–9.
Qasaimeh, A., AlSharie, H., & Masoud, T. (2015). A review on constructed wetlands components and heavy metal removal from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 710–718.
Saeed, T., Afrin, R., Al Muyeed, A., & Sun, G. (2012). Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh. Chemosphere, 88, 1065–1073.
Shelef, O., Gross, A., & Rachmilevitch, S. (2013). Role of plants in a constructed wetland: Current and new perspectives. Water, 5(2), 405–419.
Shenbagavalli, S., & Mahimairaja, S. (2012). Production and characterization of biochar from different biological wastes. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2(1), 14–17.
Sudarsan, J. S., Roy, R. L., Baskar, G., Deeptha, V. T., & Nithiyanantham, S. (2015). Domestic wastewater treatment performance using constructed wetland. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1(2), 89–96.
Takaya, C. A., Parmar, K. R., Fletcher, L. A., & Ross, A. B. (2019). Biomass-derived carbonaceous adsorbents for trapping ammonia. Agriculture, 9, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9010016.
Tan, X., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., Gu, Y., et al. (2015). Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125, 70–85.
UN-HABITAT. (2008). Constructed wetlands manual. UN-HABITAT Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal, Kathmandu.
Vymazal, J., & Kropfelova, L. (2011). A three stage experimental constructed wetland for treatment of domestic sewage: First 2 years of operation. Ecological Engineering, 37, 90–98.
Wu, H., Zhang, J., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Hu, Z., et al. (2015). A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Design and operation. Bioresource Technology, 175, 594–601.
Xie, T., Reddy, K. R., Wang, C., Yargicoglu, E., & Spokas, K. (2015). Characteristics and applications of biochar for environmental remediation: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 939–969.
Ye, S., Zeng, G., Wu, H., Liang, J., Zhang, C., Dai, J., et al. (2019). The effects of activated biochar addition on remediation efficiency of co-composting with contaminated wetland soil. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 140, 278–285.
Zhang, S., Yang, X., Liu, L., Ju, M., & Zheng, K. (2019). Adsorption behavior of selective recognition functionalized biochar to Cd(II) in wastewater. Materials (Basel), 11, 299.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vidya Vijay, M., Sudarsan, J.S. & Nithiyanantham, S. Sustainability of constructed wetlands using biochar as effective absorbent for treating wastewaters. Int J Energ Water Res 3, 153–164 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00025-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00025-9