Abstract
This era of industrial upgradation has wreaked havoc on the aquatic environment as well as human health by accumulating various toxic water pollutants such as synthetic dyes and heavy metals. Thus, in this study, in order to explore the effectiveness of adsorptive sequestration processes of metanil yellow (MY) dye and Cr (VI) ions from aqueous media, CaFe2O4/ZrO2 magnetic nanocomposite (CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC) was prepared. The improvement in adsorption capacity was significantly evident as CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC had shown much higher adsorption capacities for both MY dye and Cr (VI) than both parent metal oxide nanoparticles (CaFe2O4 and ZrO2). The treatment cost analysis depicted that the laboratory scale fabrication cost (INR 2635/kg) of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC can be significantly reduced during industrial scale fabrication process of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC (INR 573/kg). As a consequence, the reduction in overall treatment cost of per kg MY dye as well as per kg Cr (VI) was found to be quite significant and is expected to be reduced more as regeneration study performed in case of MY dye had highlighted that CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC can be successfully used for even five adsorption–desorption cycles. Finally, the scale up design performed in this study also indicates towards the possibility of scalability of both treatment processes as only 22.26 g and 50.46 g of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC may be used to remove 95% of MY dye and Cr (VI), respectively. Hence, this study confirms the potential economical application of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC in both dye and heavy metal adsorption processes since the adsorbent poses satisfactory structural stability and reusability.
Graphical Abstract
Article Highlights
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This study reported the fabrication of novel CaFe2O4/ZrO2 magnetic nanocomposite.
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Enhancement of adsorptive performance of mixed phase nanocomposite due to the coexistence of CaFe2O4 and ZrO2 nanoparticles.
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The composite has shown maximum adsorption capacity of 454.55 mg/g for MY dye and 178.57 mg/g for Cr (VI).
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The cost analysis study has revealed laboratory scale and industrial scale monetary investments of INR 2635 and INR 573, respectively for the fabrication of 1.0 kg of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC.
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The industrial scale treatment cost analysis has shown significant reduction in cost involved in 1.0 kg of MY dye and Cr (VI) abatement from aqua matrix with a monetary requirement of INR 1262 and INR 3212, respectively.
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The scalability of MY and Cr (VI) adsorption processes may be proposed as only 22.26 g and 50.46 g of CaFe2O4/ZrO2-MNC are required to remove 95% of MY dye and Cr (VI), respectively from aqua media.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India for financial support (Grant No. 22/0744/17/EMR-II). Authors also acknowledge the CRF facility of NIT Agartala for XRD measurements.
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Bhowmik, M., Debnath, A. & Saha, B. Scale-up Design and Treatment Cost Analysis for Abatement of Hexavalent Chromium and Metanil Yellow Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Mixed Phase CaFe2O4 and ZrO2 Nanocomposite. Int J Environ Res 16, 80 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00459-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00459-w