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Collective flow and hydrodynamics in large and small systems at the LHC

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Abstract

In this article, we briefly review the recent progress on collective flow and hydrodynamics in large and small systems at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which includes the following topics: extracting the QGP viscosity from the flow data, initial-state fluctuations and final-state correlations at 2.76 A TeV Pb–Pb collisions, correlations, and collective flow in high-energy p–Pb and p–p collisions.

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Notes

  1. The traditional second-order viscous hydrodynamics works for a near equilibrium system with isotropic momentum distributions. It cannot apply to an anisotropic system at very early time [81,82,83] or a correlated fluctuating system near the QCD critical point [84,85,86,87] where the traditional expansion of the microscopic distribution function fails. For the recent development on anisotropic hydrodynamics or chiral hydrodynamics, please refer to [81,82,83, 88,89,90,91,92,93] and [94,95,96,97,98].

  2. Note that, to obtain a good agreement with the microscopic kinetic theory, a proper resummation of the irreducible moments is essential for the computation of the transport coefficients, especially for a fluid dynamics with heat flow included. Please refer to [99] for details.

  3. The full off-equilibrium distribution includes the contributions from shear stress tensor, bulk pressure and heat flow: \(\delta f=\delta f_{shear}+ \delta f_{bulk}+ \delta f_{heat}.\) For the bulk viscous correction, there are different proposed forms of \(\delta f_{bulk}\) [125, 126], which brings certain amount of uncertainties for some related flow observables. Considering this complicity as well as the negligible heat conductivity, one generally takes this simple form of \(\delta f\) with only shear viscous correction for the viscous hydrodynamics and hybrid model calculations at top RHIC and the LHC energies.

  4. At the LHC and top RHIC energies, the heat conductivity can be neglected due to the almost vanishing net baryon density.

  5. For the related qualitative investigations from hydrodynamics, please refer to [37].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Huichao Song

  2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China

    Huichao Song

  3. Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Huichao Song

  4. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    You Zhou & Katarína Gajdošová

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  1. Huichao Song
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  2. You Zhou
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  3. Katarína Gajdošová
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Correspondence to Huichao Song.

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This work was supported by the NSFC and the MOST (Nos.11435001, 11675004 and 2015CB856900) and the Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences, and the Danish National Research Foundation (Danmarks Grundforskningsfond).

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Song, H., Zhou, Y. & Gajdošová, K. Collective flow and hydrodynamics in large and small systems at the LHC. NUCL SCI TECH 28, 99 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0245-4

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