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A Review of Telepresence, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality Applied to Clinical Care

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Abstract

This scoping review article explores the application of telepresence (TPr), virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) to clinical care. A literature search of key words was conducted from January 1990 through May 2019 of the following databases: PubMed/Medline, American Psychological Association PsycNET, Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, OTSeeker, ABI/INFORM, computer-mediated communication (CMC), technology-mediated communications, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Project Muse, ProQuest Research Library Plus, Sociological abstracts, Computers and Applied Sciences Complete and IT Source. It focused on concept areas: (1) TPr related to technologies; (2) virtual, augmented, reality, environment; (3) technology or computer-mediated communication; (4) clinical therapeutic relationship (boundaries, care, communication, connect, engagement, empathy, intimacy, trust); (5) telebehavioral health; (6) psychotherapy via technology; and (7) medicine/health care. Inclusion criteria were concept area 1 in combination with 2–7 and 2 or 3 in combination with any of 4–7. From a total of 5214 potential references, the authors found 512 eligible for full-text review and found 85 papers directly relevant to the concepts. From papers’ references and a review of books and popular literature about TPr, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR), 13 other sources of information were found. The historical evolution of TPr, VR, and AR shows that definitions, foci of studies (e.g., social neuroscience to business), and applications vary; assessments of TPr also vary widely. Studies discuss VR, AR, and TPr in medicine (e.g., rehabilitation, robotics), experimental psychology (laboratory, field, mixed), and behavioral health. Virtual environment (VE) designs aid the study of interpersonal communication and behavior, using standardized social interaction partners, virtual standardized patients, and/or virtual humans—all contingent on the participants’ experience of presence and the ability to engage. Additional research is needed to standardize experimental and clinical interventions, while maintaining ecological validity. Technology can significantly improve quality of care, access to new treatments and training, if ethical and reimbursement issues are better explored.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mental Health, Northern California Veterans Administration Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, (116/SAC), Davis, CA, 95655, USA

    Donald M. Hilty

  2. Morgan Hill, CA, USA

    Karan Randhawa

  3. Telebehavioral Health Institute, Inc., 5173 Waring Road #124, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA

    Marlene M. Maheu

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Alastair J. S. McKean

  5. Neurology and Faculty, Department of Psychiatry & Addiction Medicine, Kaweah Delta Health Care District, Visalia, CA, USA

    Richard Pantera

  6. University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA

    Matthew C. Mishkind

  7. Medical Virtual Reality, Institute for Creative Technologies, USC Davis School of Gerontology and USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Albert “Skip” Rizzo

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Appendix. Acronyms/abbreviations

Appendix. Acronyms/abbreviations

ACRONYM

Full wording

ACAR

Active collective augmented reality

AI

Artificial intelligence

AR

Augmented reality

ARET

Augmented reality exposure-based therapy

AWE

Augmented World Expo

BCI

Brain computer interface

CAR

Collective augmented reality

CAVE

Cave automatic virtual environment

CMC

Computer-mediated communication

CNS

Central nervous system

EEG

Electroencephalography

GPS

Global positioning satellite

ICU

intensive care unit

ISPR

International Society for Presence Research

IVET

Immersive virtual environment technology

IVR

Interactive virtual reality

MR

Mixed reality

fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

fNIRS

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

RMC

Robot-mediated communication

PAR

Personal augmented reality

PCAR

Passive collective augmented reality

SSIP

Standardized social interaction partner

TBH

Telebehavioral health

TPr

Telepresence

VE

Virtual environment

VH

Virtual human

VMC

Video-mediated communication

VN

Vascular neurologist

VR

Virtual reality

VRET

Virtual reality exposure therapy

VSMM

Virtual systems and multimedia

VSP

Virtual simulated patient

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Hilty, D.M., Randhawa, K., Maheu, M.M. et al. A Review of Telepresence, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality Applied to Clinical Care. J. technol. behav. sci. 5, 178–205 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00126-x

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