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Evaluating the effect of braking of run-off-the-road vehicles over downgrade foreslopes on side friction factor using vehicle dynamics modeling

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Abstract

Downgrades, especially in mountainous areas, are considered to be one of the most dangerous places on the road, which cause many casualties and financial losses every year. Also, the potential of these losses can increase dramatically for run-off-the-road (ROR) vehicles over downgrades. In previous studies, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of the side friction factor using the vehicle dynamics modeling concept. However, limited research has been carried out on the influence of side friction factor and braking force over downgrade foreslopes for ROR vehicles using this concept. Therefore, in this research, by the use of vehicle dynamics modeling, the movements of representative vehicles (E-class Sedan, E-class SUV and truck) are simulated in different road conditions and driver behavior. Based on the results, the greater the speed, the lower the side friction factor. Moreover, the most critical level of the side friction factor is at 100 km/h speed with a departure angle of 7.50 degrees for ROR vehicles. The results also show that the side friction factor in all the simulation trials over downgrades is accompanied by an increase, and this increase is observed more clearly in the braking trials. Therefore, the safety margin of vehicles, which is equal to the difference between available and side frictions, will decrease and the skidding potential will increase.

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, Ahar, Iran

    Ali Attari

  2. Department of Civil–Transportation Planning, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

    Ali Abdi Kordani & Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian

Authors
  1. Ali Attari
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  2. Ali Abdi Kordani
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  3. Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. In this study, Iranian governmental organizations have not been partners and sponsors, and this study is purely studious.

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This article does not contain any studies with humans or animals performed by any of the authors.

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All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation.

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 4, 5, 6.

Table 4 Forces applied on wheels of Sedan at different speeds on downgrades
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Table 5 Forces applied on wheels of SUV at different speeds on downgrades
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Table 6 Forces applied on wheels of truck at different speeds on downgrades
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Attari, A., Abdi Kordani, A. & Hosseinian, S.M. Evaluating the effect of braking of run-off-the-road vehicles over downgrade foreslopes on side friction factor using vehicle dynamics modeling. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 9, 10 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01307-2

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