Abstract
Increased demand for concrete leads to an increase in utilization of cement and sand, and increased consumption of cement leads to increased CO2 emissions. Furthermore, mining restrictions in certain areas and the growing need for natural ecological sustainability lead to additional problems with river sand availability. This study promotes the utilization of industrial waste in concrete for long-term environmental sustainability and safe disposal. Out of various types of industrial byproducts, combined use of copper slag and bottom ash as sand and simultaneously fly ash as cement, the replacement has not yet been studied out. Hence, the primary goal of this research was to evaluate their usage in concrete to replace sand with copper slag and coal bottom ash waste, as well as cement with fly ash. Concrete mixtures were made using varying amounts of waste copper slag (CS) and bottom ash (CBA) (0–60%) in equal proportions as a partial substitute for natural sand, as well as fly ash (0–30%) as cement. Slump, unit weight, split tensile strength, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics such as X-ray diffraction, SEM, and EDS of concrete mixtures were investigated. Test results reveal that workability, compressive and split tensile strength improve with increment in percentage replacement of FA, CS, and CBA. Improvement in strength with the percentage replacement is also confirmed by change in morphology by SEM and X-ray diffraction analyses.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rana A, Kalla P, Csetenyi LJ (2015) Sustainable use of marble slurry in concrete. J Clean Prod 94:304–311
Pathak PP (2009) Inclusion of Portland and pozzolana (fly ash waste) cement in specifications. Ind Highw 37(4):2
Rafieizonooz M, Mirza J, Salim MR, Hussin MW, Khankhaje E (2016) Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement. Constr Build Mater 116:15–24
Yang KH, Jung YB, Cho MS, Tae SH (2015) Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete. J Clean Prod 103:774–783
Nie S, Zhou J, Yang F, Lan M, Li J, Zhang Z, Sanjayan JG (2022) Analysis of theoretical carbon dioxide emissions from cement production: methodology and application. J Clean Prod 334:130270
IBEF, India Brand Equity Foundation. www.ibef.org/industry/cement-india.aspx, 2022 (accessed 09.09.22)
Mardani-Aghabaglou A, Tuyan M, Ramyar K (2015) Mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating fine recycled concrete and glass aggregates. Mater Struct 48(8):2629–2640
Khankhaje E, Hussin MW, Mirza J, Rafieizonooz M, Salim MR, Siong HC, Warid MNM (2016) On blended cement and geopolymer concretes containing palm oil fuel ash. Mater Des 89:385–398
Ashish DK (2018) Feasibility of waste marble powder in concrete as partial substitution of cement and sand amalgam for sustainable growth. J Build Eng 15:236–242
Ozkan O, Yuksel I, Muratoglu O (2007) Strength properties of concrete incorporating coal bottom ash and granulated blast furnace slag. Waste Manage 27(2):161–167
Aggarwal Y, Siddique R (2014) Microstructure and properties of concrete using bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates. Constr Build Mater 54:210–223
Singh M, Siddique R (2014) Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 50:246–256
Fly ash management: legal requirement and other issues, presentation by Ms. Sanchita Jindal, MoEF
Singh M, Siddique R (2013) Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on properties of concrete. Resour Conserv Recycl 72:20–32
Zhou H, Bhattarai R, Li Y, Si B, Dong X, Wang T, Yao Z (2022) Towards sustainable coal industry: turning coal bottom ash into wealth. Sci Total Environ 804:149985
Sharma R, Khan RA (2017) Durability assessment of self compacting concrete incorporating copper slag as fine aggregates. Constr Build Mater 155:617–629
ICSG (2021) Icsg Releases Latest Copper Market Forecast 2021–2022. Available from: http://www.icsg.org/index.php/111-icsg-releases-latest-copper-market-forecast-2021-2022
Sharma R, Khan RA (2017) Sustainable use of copper slag in self compacting concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials. J Clean Prod 151:179–192
Shi C, Meyer C, Behnood A (2008) Utilization of copper slag in cement and concrete. Resour Conserv Recycl 52:1115–1120
Obe RKD, de Brito J, Mangabhai R, Lye CQ (2016) Sustainable construction materials: copper slag. Woodhead Publishing
Gorai B, Jana RK (2003) Characteristics and utilisation of copper slag—a review. Resour Conserv Recycl 39(4):299–313
Supekar N (2007) Utilisation of copper slag for cement manufacture construction management and review. Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd, Tuticorin
Prem PR, Verma M, Ambily PS (2018) Sustainable cleaner production of concrete with high volume copper slag. J Clean Prod 193:43–58
Yüksel İ, Bilir T, Özkan Ö (2007) Durability of concrete incorporating non-ground blast furnace slag and bottom ash as fine aggregate. Build Environ 42(7):2651–2659
Bilir T (2012) Effects of non-ground slag and bottom ash as fine aggregate on concrete permeability properties. Constr Build Mater 26(1):730–734
Singh G, Chaurasia S (2022) Feasibility of waste copper slag with coal bottom ash in concrete as partial substitution of fine aggregate. Innov Infrastruct Solut 7(2):1–13
Rathee M, Singh N (2022) Durability properties of copper slag and coal bottom ash based I-shaped geopolymer paver blocks. Constr Build Mater 347:128461
IS: 1489–1991 (Part-I). Portland Pozzolana cement specification. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standard
IS383 (2016) Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete—Specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, pp. 1–29. ICS No. 91.100.30 (CED 2-7992)
Saeed KR (1995) Technique of multi-step concrete mixing. Mater Struct 28(4):230–234
BIS: 516-1959. Indian standard code of practice- methods of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India
BIS: 5816-1999 (1999) Indian standard splitting tensile strength of concrete-test method. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.
Ranjbar N, Mehrali M, Behnia A, Alengaram UJ, Jumaat MZ (2014) Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Mater Des 59:532–539
Sata V, Jaturapitakkul C, Kiattikomol K (2007) Influence of pozzolan from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 21(7):1589–1598
Kou SC, Poon CS, Chan D (2007) Influence of fly ash as cement replacement on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 19(9):709–717
Singh S, Khan S, Khandelwal R, Chugh A, Nagar R (2016) Performance of sustainable concrete containing granite cutting waste. J Clean Prod 119:86–98
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur.
Funding
Nil.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, G., ShriRam Microstructural and other properties of copper slag–coal bottom ash incorporated concrete using fly ash as cement replacement. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 78 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01051-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01051-7