Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A strategic review approach on adoption of autonomous vehicles and its risk perception by road users

  • Review
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The adoption of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is significantly impacted by its potential benefits as well as concerns for the users, which is of interest to researchers and policymakers. However, the users are at risk of involvement due to the failures of technology, which have been given growing attention by many research studies. Hence, it is essential to understand the technology’s acceptance and risk perception by the end users under mixed traffic conditions. This paper aims to provide a review of the studies that involve the perceptions of the public regarding their intention to adopt AVs and the risk-taking behaviour of road users with AVs. In this line, the existing studies are classified based on adoption intention-related studies and public risk perceptions. Further, it is also essential to understand the factors to be considered, survey approach, number of survey samples, and methods adopted by various existing studies in order to understand the future direction related to public adoption intentions of AVs. Moreover, the study identified the factors collected in various studies, which will be helpful to understand which factors are less explored or have a high contribution to the adoption intention of AVs. Furthermore, this study has proposed a methodological framework that paves the way for how to approach studies related to the intention to adopt AVs and contributing factors to the risk perception of AVs. The studies’ insights about survey method, number of samples, methodology to be considered and the contributing factors towards adoption intentions of AV technology are useful to policymakers in developing countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Global Status Report on Road Safety, World Health, Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/ (accessed on 20 August 2021)

  2. SAE. Levels of driving automation are defined in new SAE International Standard J3016, Society of Automotive Engineers. 2014. Available online: www.sae.org/misc/pdfs/automated_driving.pdf (accessed on 18th November 2021)

  3. Fagnant DJ, Kockelman K (2015) Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Trans Res Part A: Policy Pract 77:167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Krasniqi X, Hajrizi E (2016) Use of IOT technology to drive the automotive industry from connected to full autonomous vehicles. IFAC-PapersOnLine 49(29):269–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.11.078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bansal P, Kockelman KM, Singh A (2016) Assessing public opinions of and interest in new vehicle technologies: an austin perspective. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 67:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.01.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Daziano RA, Sarrias M, Leard B (2017) Are consumers willing to pay to let cars drive for them? analyzing response to Autonomous Vehicles. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 78:150–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Liu P, Yang R, Xu Z (2018) Public acceptance of fully automated driving: effects of social trust and risk/benefit perceptions. Risk Anal 39(2):326–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Schoettle B, Sivak M. (2014). A survey of public opinion about connected vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. In: International conference on connected vehicles and expo (ICCVE). https://doi.org/10.1109/iccve.2014.7297637

  9. Hilgarter K, Granig P (2020) Public perception of autonomous vehicles: a qualitative study based on interviews after riding an autonomous shuttle. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 72:226–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hartwich F, Witzlack C, Beggiato M, Krems JF (2019) The first impression counts – a combined driving simulator and test track study on the development of trust and acceptance of highly automated driving. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 65:522–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Molnar LJ, Ryan LH, Pradhan AK, Eby DW, Louis RM, Zakrajsek JS (2018) Understanding trust and acceptance of Automated Vehicles: an exploratory simulator study of transfer of control between automated and manual driving. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 58:319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gkartzonikas C, Gkritza K (2019) What have we learned? A review of stated preference and choice studies on Autonomous Vehicles. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 98:323–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Raats K, Fors V, Pink S (2020) Trusting autonomous vehicles: An interdisciplinary approach. Trans Res Interdiscip Perspect 7:100201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rouchitsas A, Alm H (2019) External human–machine interfaces for autonomous vehicle-to-pedestrian communication: a review of empirical work. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gold C, Körber M, Hohenberger C, Lechner D, Bengler K (2015) Trust in automation – before and after the experience of take-over scenarios in a highly automated vehicle. Procedia Manuf 3:3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen W, Zhuang X, Cui Z, Ma G (2019) Drivers’ recognition of pedestrian road-crossing intentions: performance and process. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 64:552–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ackermann C, Beggiato M, Schubert S, Krems JF (2019) An experimental study to investigate design and assessment criteria: What is important for communication between pedestrians and automated vehicles? Appl Ergon 75:272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pammer K, Gauld C, McKerral A, Reeves C (2021) “they have to be better than human drivers!” motorcyclists’ and cyclists’ perceptions of Autonomous Vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 78:246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zoellick JC, Kuhlmey A, Schenk L, Schindel D, Blüher S (2019) Amused, accepted, and used? attitudes and emotions towards automated vehicles, their relationships, and predictive value for usage intention. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 65:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu P, Du Y, Wang L, Da Young J (2020) Ready to bully automated vehicles on public roads? Accident Anal Prev 137:105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hulse LM, Xie H, Galea ER (2018) Perceptions of autonomous vehicles: relationships with road users, risk, gender and age. Saf Sci 102:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ruggeri K, Kácha O, Menezes IG, Kos M, Franklin M, Parma L, Miles J (2018) In with the new? generational differences shape population technology adoption patterns in the age of self-driving vehicles. J Eng Tech Manage 50:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Liljamo T, Liimatainen H, Pöllänen M (2018) Attitudes and concerns on automated vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 59:24–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nordhoff S, de Winter J, Madigan R, Merat N, van Arem B, Happee R (2018) User acceptance of automated shuttles in Berlin-schöneberg: a questionnaire study. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 58:843–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hohenberger C, Spörrle M, Welpe IM (2017) Not fearless, but self-enhanced: the effects of anxiety on the willingness to use autonomous cars depend on individual levels of self-enhancement. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 116:40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Shabanpour R, Mousavi SN, Golshani N, Auld J, Mohammadian A. (2017). Consumer preferences of electric and Automated Vehicles. In: 5th IEEE international conference on models and technologies for intelligent transportation systems (MT-ITS). http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/mtits.2017.8005606

  27. Liu H, Yang R, Wang L, Liu P (2019) Evaluating initial public acceptance of highly and fully autonomous vehicles. Int J Human-Comput Interact 35(11):919–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1561791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Haboucha CJ, Ishaq R, Shiftan Y (2017) User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 78:37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rödel C, Stadler S, Meschtscherjakov A, Tscheligi M. (2014). Towards autonomous cars. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2667317.2667330

  30. Pakusch C, Stevens G, Boden A, Bossauer P (2018) Unintended effects of autonomous driving: a study on mobility preferences in the future. Sustainability 10(7):2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Choi JK, Ji YG (2015) Investigating the importance of trust on adopting an autonomous vehicle. Int J Human-Comput Int 31(10):692–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Qu W, Xu J, Ge Y, Sun X, Zhang K (2019) Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess public receptivity toward autonomous vehicles and its relation with the traffic safety climate in China. Accident Analy Prev 128:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yuen KF, Cai L, Qi G, Wang X (2020) Factors influencing autonomous vehicle adoption: an application of the technology acceptance model and Innovation Diffusion Theory. Technol Anal Strategic Manag 33(5):505–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1826423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang T, Tao D, Qu X, Zhang X, Zeng J, Zhu H, Zhu H (2020) Automated vehicle acceptance in China: social influence and Initial Trust are key determinants. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 112:220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.01.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu Z, Zhang K, Min H, Wang Z, Zhao X, Liu P (2018) What drives people to accept automated vehicles? findings from a field experiment. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 95:320–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.07.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu P, Guo Q, Ren F, Wang L, Xu Z (2019) Willingness to pay for self-driving vehicles: influences of demographic and psychological factors. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 100:306–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2019.01.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Launonen P, Salonen AO, Liimatainen H (2021) Icy Roads and urban environments. passenger experiences in autonomous vehicles in Finland. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 80:34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.03.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Liu P, Yang R, Xu Z (2018) How safe is safe enough for self-driving vehicles? Risk Anal 39(2):315–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ward C, Raue M, Lee C, D’Ambrosio L, Coughlin JF (2017) Acceptance of automated driving across generations: The role of risk and benefit perception, knowledge, and trust. In: Kurosu M (ed) Human-Computer Interaction. User Interface Design, Development and Multimodality: 19th International Conference, HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9-14, 2017, Proceedings, Part I. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58071-5_20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu P, Xu Z, Zhao X (2019) Road tests of self-driving vehicles: affective and cognitive pathways in acceptance formation. Trans Res Part A: Policy Pract 124:354–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hegner SM, Beldad AD, Brunswick GJ (2019) In automatic we trust: Investigating the impact of trust, control, personality characteristics, and extrinsic and intrinsic motivations on the acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles. Int J Human-Comput Int 35(19):1769–1780. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1572353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Buckley L, Kaye S-A, Pradhan AK (2018) Psychosocial factors associated with intended use of automated vehicles: a simulated driving study. Accident Anal Prev 115:202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Panagiotopoulos I, Dimitrakopoulos G (2018) An empirical investigation on consumers’ intentions towards autonomous driving. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 95:773–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.08.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ha T, Kim S, Seo D, Lee S (2020) Effects of explanation types and perceived risk on trust in Autonomous Vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 73:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.06.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Montoro L, Useche SA, Alonso F, Lijarcio I, Bosó-Seguí P, Martí-Belda A (2019) Perceived safety and attributed value as predictors of the intention to use autonomous vehicles: a national study with Spanish drivers. Saf Sci 120:865–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang T, Tao D, Qu X, Zhang X, Lin R, Zhang W (2019) The roles of initial trust and perceived risk in public’s acceptance of Automated Vehicles. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 98:207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.11.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Rahman MT, Dey K, Das S, Sherfinski M (2021) Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: a qualitative analysis of the perceptions of pedestrians and bicyclists. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 78:433–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kyriakidis M, Happee R, de Winter JCF (2015) Public opinion on automated driving: results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 32:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tennant C, Stares S, Howard S (2019) Public discomfort at the prospect of autonomous vehicles: building on previous surveys to measure attitudes in 11 countries. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 64:98–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Cunningham ML, Regan MA, Horberry T, Weeratunga K, Dixit V (2019) Public opinion about automated vehicles in Australia: results from a large-scale national survey. Transp Res Part A: Policy Practice 129:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee Y-C, Mirman JH (2018) Parents’ perspectives on using autonomous vehicles to enhance children’s mobility. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 96:415–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Brell T, Philipsen R, Ziefle M (2018) Scary! risk perceptions in autonomous driving: the influence of experience on perceived benefits and barriers. Risk Anal 39(2):342–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Penmetsa P, Adanu EK, Wood D, Wang T, Jones SL (2019) Perceptions and expectations of autonomous vehicles – a snapshot of Vulnerable road user opinion. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 143:9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.02.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Piao J, McDonald M, Hounsell N, Graindorge M, Graindorge T, Malhene N (2016) Public views towards implementation of automated vehicles in urban areas. Trans Res Procedia 14:2168–2177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Shabanpour R, Golshani N, Shamshiripour A, Mohammadian AK (2018) Eliciting preferences for adoption of fully automated vehicles using best-worst analysis. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 93:463–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.06.014r

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bansal P, Kockelman KM (2016) Are we ready to embrace connected and self-driving vehicles? A case study of Texans. Transportation 45(2):641–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9745-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kaur K, Rampersad G (2018) Trust in driverless cars: investigating key factors influencing the adoption of driverless cars. J Eng Tech Manage 48:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. König M, Neumayr L (2017) Users’ resistance towards radical innovations: the case of the self-driving car. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 44:42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Roche-Cerasi I (2019) Public acceptance of driverless shuttles in Norway. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 66:162–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Deb S, Hudson CR, Carruth DW, Frey D (2018) Pedestrians receptivity in autonomous vehicles: exploring a video-based assessment. Proc Human Factors Ergon Soc Ann Meeting 62(1):2061–2065. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Faas SM, Mathis L-A, Baumann M (2020) External HMI for self-driving vehicles: which information shall be displayed? Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 68:171–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.12.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Deb S, Strawderman LJ, Carruth DW (2018) Investigating pedestrian suggestions for external features on fully autonomous vehicles: a virtual reality experiment. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 59:135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Habibovic A, Lundgren VM, Andersson J, Klingegård M, Lagström T, Sirkka A, Larsson P (2018) Communicating intent of automated vehicles to pedestrians. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Rothenbucher D, Li J, Sirkin D, Mok B, Ju W. (2016). Ghost driver: A field study investigating the interaction between pedestrians and driverless vehicles. In: 25th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2016.7745210

  65. Charisi V, Habibovic A, Andersson J, Li J, Evers V. (2017). Children’s views on identification and intention communication of self-driving vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 2017 conference on interaction design and children. https://doi.org/10.1145/3078072.3084300

  66. Das S, Dutta A, Fitzpatrick K (2020) Technological perception on autonomous vehicles: perspectives of the non-motorists. Technol Anal Strat Manag 32(11):1335–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1768235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Deb S, Strawderman L, Carruth DW, DuBien J, Smith B, Garrison TM (2017) Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess pedestrian receptivity toward fully autonomous vehicles. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 84:178–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.08.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Dey D, Martens M, Eggen B, Terken J (2019) Pedestrian road-crossing willingness as a function of vehicle automation, external appearance, and driving behaviour. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 65:191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Dozza M, Boda C-N, Jaber L, Thalya P, Lubbe N (2020) How do drivers negotiate intersections with pedestrians? the importance of pedestrian time-to-arrival and visibility. Accident Anal Prev 141:105524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Gupta S, Vasardani M, Lohani B, Winter S (2019) Pedestrian’s risk-based negotiation model for self-driving vehicles to get the right of way. Accident Anal Prev 124:163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Haque MM, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Sharma A, Zheng Z (2021) Examining the driver-pedestrian interaction at pedestrian crossings in the connected environment: a hazard-based duration modelling approach. Trans Res Part A: Policy Practice 150:33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.05.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Mahadevan K, Somanath S, Sharlin E. (2018). Communicating Awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174003

  73. Nuñez Velasco JP, Farah H, van Arem B, Hagenzieker MP (2019) Studying pedestrians’ crossing behaviour when interacting with automated vehicles using virtual reality. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 66:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Rahman MM, Deb S, Strawderman L, Burch R, Smith B (2019) How the older population perceives self-driving vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 65:242–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Rodríguez Palmeiro A, van der Kint S, Vissers L, Farah H, de Winter JCF, Hagenzieker M (2018) Interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: a wizard of oz experiment. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 58:1005–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.07.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Vlakveld W, van der Kint S, Hagenzieker MP (2020) Cyclists’ intentions to yield for automated cars at intersections when they have right of way: Results of an experiment using high-quality video animations. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 71:288–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.04.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Zandi B, Singer T, Kobbert J, Quoc Khanh T (2020) International Study on the importance of communication between automated vehicles and pedestrians. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 74:52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Asadi-Shekari Z, Saadi I, Cools M (2022) Applying machine learning to explore feelings about sharing the road with autonomous vehicles as a bicyclist or as a Pedestrian. Sustainability 14:1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Hafeez F, Ullah Sheikh U, Mas’ud AA, Al-Shammari S, Hamid M, Azhar A (2022) Application of the theory of planned behaviour in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction. Appl Sci 12:2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Lee JD, Kolodge K (2019) Exploring trust in self-driving vehicles through text analysis. Human Factors: J Human Factors Ergon Soc 62(2):260–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819872672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Jiang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang W (2019) Capturing ownership behaviour of autonomous vehicles in Japan based on a stated preference survey and a mixed logit model with repeated choices. Int J Sustain Transp 13:788–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Shabanpour R, Golshani N, Shamshiripour A, Mohammadian AK (2018) Eliciting preferences for adoption of fully automated vehicles using best-worst analysis. Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol 93:463–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Masello L, Sheehan B, Murphy F, Castignani G, McDonnell K, Ryan C (2022) From traditional to autonomous vehicles: a systematic review of data availability. Transp Res Rec 2676(4):161–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Bennett JM, Challinor KL, Modesto O, Prabhakharan P (2020) Attribution of blame of crash causation across varying levels of vehicle automation. Saf Sci 132:104968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Blömacher K, Nöcker G, Huff M (2018) The role of system description for conditionally automated vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 54:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Chen H-K, Yan D-W (2018) Interrelationships between influential factors and behavioural intention with regard to Autonomous Vehicles. Int J Sustain Transp 13(7):511–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1488021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Chikaraishi M, Khan D, Yasuda B, Fujiwara A (2020) Risk perception and social acceptability of autonomous vehicles: a case study in Hiroshima, Japan. Transp Policy 98:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.05.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Hewitt C, Politis I, Amanatidis T, Sarkar A. (2019). Assessing public perception of self-driving cars. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on intelligent user interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301275.3302268

  89. Hohenberger C, Spörrle M, Welpe IM (2016) How and why do men and women differ in their willingness to use automated cars? the influence of emotions across different age groups. Trans Res Part A: Policy Practice 94:374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Kassens-Noor E, Wilson M, Cai M, Durst N, Decaminada T (2020) Autonomous vs self-driving vehicles: the power of language to shape public perceptions. J Urban Technol 28(3–4):5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2020.1847983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Koo J, Kwac J, Ju W, Steinert M, Leifer L, Nass C (2014) Why did my car just do that? explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. Int J Interact Design Manufact (IJIDeM) 9(4):269–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-014-0227-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Körber M, Gold C, Lechner D, Bengler K (2016) The influence of age on the take-over of vehicle control in highly automated driving. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 39:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Kraft A-K, Maag C, Cruz MI, Baumann M, Neukum A (2020) The effect of visual HMIS of a system assisting manual drivers in Manoeuvre Coordination in system limit and system failure situations. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 74:81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Lee J-G, Kim KJ, Lee S, Shin D-H (2015) Can autonomous vehicles be safe and trustworthy? effects of appearance and autonomy of unmanned driving systems. Int J Human-Comput Int 31(10):682–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Liu P, Xu Z (2020) Public attitude toward self-driving vehicles on public roads: Direct experience changed ambivalent people to be more positive. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 151:119827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Madigan R, Louw T, Wilbrink M, Schieben A, Merat N (2017) What influences the decision to use automated public transport? using Utaut to understand public acceptance of Automated Road Transport Systems. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 50:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. McManus RM, Rutchick AM (2018) Autonomous vehicles and the attribution of moral responsibility. Social Psychol Personal Sci 10(3):345–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618755875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Moody J, Bailey N, Zhao J (2020) Public perceptions of Autonomous Vehicle safety: an international comparison. Saf Sci 121:634–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Nielsen TA, Haustein S (2018) On sceptics and enthusiasts: what are the expectations towards self-driving cars? Transp Policy 66:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Nordhoff S, van Arem B, Happee R (2016) Conceptual model to explain, predict, and improve user acceptance of driverless podlike vehicles. Trans Res Record: J Trans Res Board 2602(1):60–67. https://doi.org/10.3141/2602-08

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Payre W, Cestac J, Delhomme P (2014) Intention to use a fully automated car: attitudes and a priori acceptability. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 27:252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.04.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Robertson RD, Meister SR, Vanlaar WGM, Mainegra Hing M (2017) Automated vehicles and behavioural adaptation in Canada. Trans Res Part A: Policy Practice 104:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Sanbonmatsu DM, Strayer DL, Yu Z, Biondi F, Cooper JM (2018) Cognitive underpinnings of beliefs and confidence in beliefs about fully automated vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 55:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Shin J, Bhat CR, You D, Garikapati VM, Pendyala RM (2015) Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for advanced vehicle technology options and fuel types. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 60:511–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2015.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Stoll T, Lanzer M, Baumann M (2020) Situational influencing factors on understanding cooperative actions in automated driving. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 70:223–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.03.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Voß GMI, Keck CM, Schwalm M (2018) Investigation of drivers’ thresholds of a subjectively accepted driving performance with a focus on automated driving. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 56:280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.04.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Zeeb K, Buchner A, Schrauf M (2016) Is take-over time all that matters? the impact of visual-cognitive load on driver take-over quality after conditionally automated driving. Accident Anal Prev 92:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Zmud J, Sener IN, Wagner J (2016) Self-driving vehicles: determinants of adoption and conditions of usage. Trans Res Record: J Trans Res Board 2565(1):57–64. https://doi.org/10.3141/2565-07

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Othman K (2021) Public acceptance and perception of autonomous vehicles: a comprehensive review. AI and Ethics 1:355–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Chen Y, Shiwakoti N, Stasinopoulos P, Khan SK (2022) State-of-the-art of factors affecting the adoption of automated vehicles. Sustainability 14:6697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Xiao J, Goulias KG (2022) Perceived usefulness and intentions to adopt autonomous vehicles. Trans Res Part A: Policy Practice 161:170–185

    Google Scholar 

  112. Zmud JP, Sener IN (2017) Towards an understanding of the travel behaviour impact of autonomous vehicles. Trans Res Procedia 25:2500–2519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Wu J, Liao H, Wang J-W (2020) Analysis of consumer attitudes towards autonomous, connected, and electric vehicles: a survey in China. Res Transport Econamics 80:100828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Behnood A, Haghani M, Golafshani EM (2022) Determinants of purchase likelihood for partially and fully automated vehicles: insights from mixed logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances. Trans Res Part A 159:119–139

    Google Scholar 

  115. McLeay F, Olya H, Liu H, Jayawardhena C, Dennis C (2022) A multi-analytical approach to studying customers motivations to use innovative totally autonomous vehicles. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 174:121252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Anania EC, Rice S, Walters NW, Pierce M, Winter SR, Milner MN (2018) The effects of positive and negative information on consumers’ willingness to ride in a driverless vehicle. Transp Policy 72:218–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Shariff A, Bonnefon J-F, Rahwan I (2021) How safe is safe enough? Psychological mechanisms underlying extreme safety demands for self-driving cars. Transp Res Part C 126:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Yu H, Jiang R, He Z, Li L, Liu R, Chen X (2021) Automated vehicle-involved traffic flow studies: a survey of assumptions, models, speculations, and perspectives. Transp Res Part C 127:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Nilsson J, Brannstrom M, Coelingh E, Fredriksson J (2017) Lane change maneuvers for automated vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 18:1087–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Wang P, Motamedi S, Qi S, Zhou X, Zhang T, Chan C-Y (2021) Pedestrian interaction with automated vehicles at uncontrolled intersections. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 77:10–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Stanciu SC, Eby DW, Molnar LJ, St Louis RM, Zanier N, Kostyniuk LP (2018) Pedestrians/Bicyclists and autonomous vehicles: how will they communicate? Trans Res Record: J Trans Res Board 2672(22):58–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118777091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Tabone W, de Winter J, Ackermann C, Bärgman J et al (2021) Vulnerable road users and the coming wave of automated vehicles: expert perspectives. Trans Res Interdiscipl Persp 9:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  123. Pyrialakou VD, Gkartzonikas C, Gatlin JD, Gkritza K (2020) Perceptions of safety on a shared road: driving, cycling, or walking near an autonomous vehicle. J Safety Res 72:249–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Xie Y, Zhang H, Gartner NH, Arsava T (2017) Collaborative merging strategy for freeway ramp operations in a connected and autonomous vehicles environment. J Intell Trans Syst 21:136–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Terry J, Bachmann C (2022) Quantifying the potential impact of autonomous vehicle adoption on government Finances. Transp Res Rec 2673(5):72–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Rad SR, Farah H, Taale H, Arem BV, Hoogendoorn SP (2020) Design and operation of dedicated lanes for connected and automated vehicles on motorways: a conceptual framework and research agenda. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol 117:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  127. Zhou H, Laval J, Zhou A, Wang Y, Wu W, Qing Z, Peeta S (2022) Review of learning-based longitudinal motion planning for autonomous vehicles: research gaps between SelfDriving and traffic congestion. Transp Res Rec 2676(1):324–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Lee D, Mulrow J, Haboucha CJ, Derrible S, Shiftan Y (2019) Attitudes on autonomous vehicle adoption using interpretable gradient boosting machine. Trans Res Record: J Trans Res Board. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119857953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Mohammadzadeh M (2021) Sharing or owning autonomous vehicles? Comprehending the role of ideology in the adoption of autonomous vehicles in the society of automobility. Trans Res Interdiscipl Persp 9:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  130. Etminani-Ghasrodashti R, Patel RK, Kermanshachi S, Rosenberger JM, Foss A (2022) Modeling users’ adoption of shared autonomous vehicles employing actual ridership experiences. Trans Res Record. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221093632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Miller K, Chng S, Cheah L (2022) Understanding acceptance of shared autonomous vehicles among people with different mobility and communication needs. Travel Behav Soc 29:200–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Taeihagh A, Lim HSM (2019) Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transp Rev 39(1):103–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Faisal A, Yigitcanlar T, Kamruzzaman Md, Currie G (2022) Understanding autonomous vehicles: a systematic literature review on capability, impact, planning and policy. J Trans Land Use 12(1):45–72

    Google Scholar 

  134. Pattinson JA, Chen H, Basu S (2020) Legal issues in automated vehicles: critically considering the potential role of consent and interactive digital interfaces. Humanities Social Sci Commun 7:153. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00644-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Lim HSM, Taeihagh A (2019) Algorithmic decision-making in AVs: understanding ethical and technical concerns for smart cities. Sustainability 11:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Gill T (2021) Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles. Ethics Inf Technol 23:657–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09605-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Martinho A, Herber N, Kroesen M, Chorus C (2021) Ethical issues in focus by the autonomous vehicles industry. Transp Rev 41(5):556–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1862355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Guo X, Zhang Y (2022) Maturity in automated driving on public roads: a review of the six-year autonomous vehicle tester program. Trans Res Record 56:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221092720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Krejcie RV, Morgan DW (1970) Determining sample size for research activities. Educ Psychol Measur 30:607–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Memon MA, Ting H, Cheah J-H, Thurasamy R, Chuah F, Cham TH (2020) Sample size for survey research: review and recommendations. J Appl Struct Equation Model 4(2):1–20

    Google Scholar 

  141. Alawadhi M, Almazrouie J, Kamil M, Khalil KA (2020) A systematic literature review of the factors influencing the adoption of autonomous driving. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 11(6):1065–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-00961-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Azad M, Hoseinzadeh N, Brakewood C, Cherry CR, Han LD (2019) Fully autonomous buses: a literature review and future research directions. J Adv Transp 2019:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4603548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Becker F, Axhausen KW (2017) Literature review on surveys investigating the acceptance of Automated Vehicles. Transportation 44(6):1293–1306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9808-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India

    Gone Sankeerthana & B. Raghuram Kadali

Authors
  1. Gone Sankeerthana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Raghuram Kadali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Raghuram Kadali.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sankeerthana, G., Raghuram Kadali, B. A strategic review approach on adoption of autonomous vehicles and its risk perception by road users. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00951-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00951-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation