Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Strength characteristics of modified black clay subgrade stabilized with cement kiln dust

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study in which the strength properties of black cotton soil (BC soil) subgrade modified with quarry fines (QF) were stabilized with cement kiln dust (CKD). The experimental program included Atterberg limits, compaction and unconfined compression testing of BC soil treated with QF at a constant dosage of 10% stabilized with CKD for dosages in the range 0–16% on dry weight basis. Soil mixtures were compacted with British Standard Light energy, and specimens for unconfined compression testing were prepared at predetermined optimum moistures and cured for 28 days. Test results showed that the studied soil which classify as A-7-6 (20) group in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials classification system has liquid limit and plasticity index of approximately 85.0 and 50.5%, respectively, as well as a free swell of 65.0%. The application of QF together with the varying percentages of CKD lowered these parameters to values compatible with specification for subgrade layers prescribed by Nigerian General Specification for Roads and Bridges. While the addition of QF caused an increase in the maximum dry unit weight of the soil, the introduction of CKD resulted in the reduction of the maximum dry unit weight of soil mixtures. On the other hand, optimum moisture contents increased slightly following the treatments. Furthermore, both the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the stiffness moduli (initial tangent, Ei, and secant, Esec, evaluated from the experimental stress–strain responses) of soil mixtures increased significantly as a consequence of the joint effects of quarry fines and CKD treatment producing soil mixtures with desired values for performance in road pavement subgrades.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chen FH (1988) Foundations on expansive soils. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  2. NBRRI (1983) Engineering properties of black cotton soils of Nigeria and related pavement design. Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI), Abuja

    Google Scholar 

  3. Oza JB, Gundaliya PJ (2013) Study of black cotton soil characteristics with cement waste dust and lime. Procedia Eng 51:110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Etim RK, Eberemu AO, Osinubi KJ (2017) Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime and iron ore tailings admixture. J Transp Geotech 10:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Nelson JD, Miller DJ (1992) Expansive soil, problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kumar JS, Janewoo U (2016) Stabilization of expansive soil with cement kiln dust and RBI grade 81 at subgrade level. J Geotech Geol Eng 34(4):1037–1046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Khazaei J, Moayedi H (2017) Soft expansive soil improvement by eco-friendly waste and quick lime. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2590-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ola SA (1978) The geology and geotechnical properties of the black cotton soils of north eastern Nigeria. Eng Geol 12:375–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ola SA (1983) The geotechnical properties of black cotton soils of north eastern Nigeria. In: Ola SA (ed) Tropical soils of Nigeria in engineering practice. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 155–171

    Google Scholar 

  10. Carter JD, Barber W, Tait EA, Jones JP (1963) The geology of part of Adamawa, Bauchi and Borno provinces of northern Nigeria. Geol Surv Niger Bull 30

  11. Gillot JE (1968) Clay in engineering geology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  12. Amadi AA (2014) Enhancing durability of quarry fines modified black cotton soil subgrade with cement kiln dust stabilization. J Transp Geotech 1(1):55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.02.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yoobanpot N, Jamsawang P, Horpibulsuk S (2017) Strength behavior and microstructural characteristics of soft clay stabilized with cement kiln dust and fly ash residue. J Appl Clay Sci 141:146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Balogun LA (1991) Effect of sand and salt additives on some geotechnical properties of lime stabilized black cotton soil. Niger Eng 43(6):669–681

    Google Scholar 

  15. Osinubi KJ (1995) Lime modification of black cotton soil. Spectrum J. 2(1 and 2):112–122

    Google Scholar 

  16. Moses GK (2008) Stabilization of black cotton soil with ordinary portland cement Using Bagasse ash as admixture. IRJI J Res Eng 5(3):107–115

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ijimdiya S (2009) Evaluation compacted black cotton soil treated with bagasseash as hydraulic barriers in municipal solid waste containment systems. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello Univesity, Zaria

  18. Oriola F, Moses GK (2010) Groundnut shell ash stabilization of black cotton soil. Electron J Geotech Eng. 15(E):415–428

    Google Scholar 

  19. Moses GK, Saminu A (2012) Cement kiln dust stabilization of compacted black cotton soil. Electron J Geotech Eng. 17(F):825–836

    Google Scholar 

  20. Miller GA, Zaman M (2000) Field and laboratory evaluation of cement kiln dust as a soil stabilizer, transportation research record. J Transp Res Board, TRB Record 1714, Washington D.C., USA, 25–32

  21. Sadek DM, El-Attar MM, Ali AM (2017) Physico-mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete paving blocks incorporating cement kiln dust. Constr Build Mater 157:300–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bassani M, Riviera PP, Tefa L (2016) Short-term and long-term effects of cement kiln dust stabilization of construction and demolition waste. J Mater Civ Eng 29(5):04016286. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Soosan TG, Sridharan A, Jose BT, Abraham BM (2005) Utilization of quarry dust to improve the geotechnical properties of soils in highway construction. Geotech Test J 28(4):391–400

    Google Scholar 

  24. Amadi AA (2011) Evaluating the potential use of lateritic soil mechanically stabilized with quarry fines for construction of road bases. Niger J Eng 17(2):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nwaiwu CMO, Mshelia HS, Durkwa JK (2012) Compactive effort influence on properties of quarry dust-black cotton soil mixtures. Int J Geotech Eng, l 6:91–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chetia M, Baruah MP, Sridharan A (2018) Effect of quarry dust on compaction characteristics of clay. In: Singh D, Galaa A (eds) Contemporary issues in geoenvironmental engineering. GeoMEast 2017. Sustainable civil infrastructures. Springer, Cham, pp 78–100

    Google Scholar 

  27. BS 1377 (1990) Methods of testing soil for civil engineering purposes. British standards institute London

  28. BS 1924 (1990) Methods of testing for stabilized soils. British Standards Institute, London

    Google Scholar 

  29. Nigerian General Specification (1997) Road and bridges. Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, Abuja

    Google Scholar 

  30. Osinubi KJ (1998) Stabilization of tropical black clay with cement and pulverized coal bottom ash admixture. In: Shackelford CD, Houston SL, Chang NY (eds) Advances in unsaturated geotechnics, vol 99. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication, Boston, pp 289–302

    Google Scholar 

  31. Osinubi KJ and Medubi A (1998) Evaluation of cement and phosphatic waste admixture on tropical black clay road foundation. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on structural engineering. (SEAMS 4), Accra, 2: pp 297–307

  32. AUSTROADS (2006) Guide to pavement technology part 4(e): stabilised materials. AUSTROADS, Austroads Project No: TP 1089. AUSTROADS, Sydney

  33. Das B (1994) Principles of geotechnical engineering, 3rd edn. PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

    I. O. Jimoh & A. A. Amadi

  2. Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

    E. B. Ogunbode

Authors
  1. I. O. Jimoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. A. Amadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. B. Ogunbode
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. A. Amadi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jimoh, I.O., Amadi, A.A. & Ogunbode, E.B. Strength characteristics of modified black clay subgrade stabilized with cement kiln dust. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 3, 55 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0154-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0154-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation