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Soziales Vertrauen in ethnisch heterogenen Nachbarschaften

Eine kritische Evaluation empirischer Ergebnisse

Social Trust in Ethnically Diverse Urban Neighbourhoods

A Critical Review of Empirical Research

  • Published:
Soziale Probleme

Zusammenfassung

Vor dem Hintergrund stetig wachsender Immigration in westliche Industrienationen wird seit nunmehr zehn Jahren eine kontroverse sozialwissenschaftliche Debatte über den Einfluss ethnisch-kultureller Diversität auf das soziale Zusammenleben in Einwanderungsgesellschaften geführt. Insbesondere die Forschungen von Robert Putnam, die einen negativen Einfluss wachsender kultureller Diversität auf das soziale Miteinander suggerieren, haben eine Flut empirischer Analysen nach sich gezogen. Die in den letzten Jahren enorm angestiegene Zahl der Asylsuchenden in Europa sowie die zunehmenden negativen Reaktionen auf diese Entwicklung unterstreichen die anhaltende Aktualität und Relevanz dieser Debatte. Die bisher vorliegenden empirischen Analysen und Literaturübersichten zeichnen ein vielschichtiges Bild empirischer Resultate, welches klare Schlussfolgerungen für die Wirkung immigrationsinduzierter Diversität auf das soziale Zusammenleben schwierig erscheinen lässt. Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, den kontroversen Forschungsstand zu ordnen und zusammenzufassen sowie kritisch zu analysieren. Soziales Vertrauen steht dabei als wichtiges Element sozialen Zusammenhalts sowie als Fundament für das allgemeine Gefühl subjektiver Sicherheit in der urbanen Nachbarschaft im Mittelpunkt der Analyse.

Abstract

In the course of continuously growing immigration to western industrial countries there has been a controversial debate in social sciences on the impact of ethnic diversity on social cohesion in such countries for ten years now. In particular Robert Putnam’s research, which suggests a negative impact of growing cultural diversity on social capital and cohesion, has stimulated a large body of empirical research on this topic. Large flows of refugees that have been arrived in Europe during the last few years and increasing negative responses to this trend in some parts of European populations indicate the political topicality and relevance of this enduring debate. Existing empirical research so far has revealed a complex picture of empirical results that complicates straightforward conclusions regarding the actual effect of immigration-induced diversity on social cohesion in ethnically diverse contexts. The main aim of the present article therefore is to arrange, summarize and review the existing state of empirical research. The critical review focuses on social trust conceived of as essential element of social cohesion and important source of subjective security in urban neighbourhoods.

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Abb. 1

Notes

  1. Eine Liste der hier berücksichtigten Studien befindet sich im online verfügbaren Anhang. Eingang in die Übersicht fanden solche Studien die eine empirisch-quantitative Analyse des Zusammenhangs von ethnischer Diversität und unterschiedlichen Formen sozialen Vertrauens präsentieren. Es wurden dabei nur solche Studien berücksichtigt, in denen soziales Vertrauen als einzelner Faktor oder Item gemessen wurde. Studien, in denen soziales Vertrauen als eines mehrerer unterschiedlicher Items zur Messung des latenten Konstrukts sozialer Zusammenhalt oder Sozialkapital verwendet wurde, bleiben aus Gründen der Vergleichbarkeit unberücksichtigt (vgl. z. B. Fieldhouse und Cutts 2010; Sturgis et al. 2014; Twigg et al. 2010; Wickes et al. 2014).

  2. Selten werden darüber hinaus interethnische Formen sozialen Vertrauens gemessen (Gundelach 2014; Rudolph und Popp 2010).

  3. Typische Items zur Messung von generalisiertem Vertrauen bzw. Nachbarschaftsvertrauen sind: „Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?“, mit den Antwortmöglichkeiten 1 „Most people can be trusted“ und 2 „Need to be very careful“ (World Values Survey 2005–2008) bzw. „Would you say that (1) many of the people in your neighbourhood can be trusted, (2) some can be trusted, (3) a few can be trusted, (4) or that none of the people in your neighbourhood can be trusted?“ (Sturgis et al. 2011).

  4. Für eine detaillierte Beschreibung üblicher Messinstrumente für Vertrauen und Diversität vgl. z. B. Gundelach (2014, Kap. 4) und Schaeffer (2014, Kap. 4). Letztlich zeigt sich vor allem im europäischen Kontext, dass der Herfindahl-Index und der einfache Migrantenanteil sehr hoch miteinander korrelieren (Gijsberts et al. 2012; Schaeffer 2013).

  5. Vgl. auch Gundelach und Traunmüller (2014) für eine Ausarbeitung dieses Arguments.

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Danksagung

Mein besonderer Dank gilt Anna-Lina Müller für ihre effiziente Hilfe bei der Literaturrecherche.

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  1. Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau, University of Zurich, Küttigerstraße 21, 5000, Aarau, Schweiz

    Birte Gundelach

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Gundelach, B. Soziales Vertrauen in ethnisch heterogenen Nachbarschaften. SozProb 28, 207–222 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41059-017-0034-7

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