Abstract
In this paper, a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed to study the effect of cement content, zeolite content, initial moisture content, number of freeze–thaw cycles, and curing time on the UCS of low-plasticity silty sand–clayey sand. The results indicate that zeolite can be used along with cement as a stabilizer to enhance mechanical behavior of the soils. The specimens containing cement and zeolite show better response with a higher UCS than the stabilized samples with cement or zeolite alone. The addition of zeolite has an important effect on the increase in both UCS value and failure strain of cement-stabilized specimen. However, the stress–strain curve of stabilized specimens is not influenced significantly by the increase of zeolite content from 3 to 9%. The UCS values of the stabilized specimens decreased as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased. The cement-stabilized samples have freeze–thaw durability when zeolite content increases from 3 to 9%. The stabilized specimens with 6% cement and 9% zeolite have slightly higher freeze–thaw durability than other specimens. The UCS of the specimens compacted on the dry side is more than that of the compacted sample on the OMC or wet side of optimum for given additives contents. The specimens compacted on the dry side of optimum exhibited a lower failure strain. The implication of this work is significant in geotechnical practice; it provides a general knowledge of stabilization of soils using cement and zeolite and the quantities to use to achieve the desired geotechnical properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arabani M, Haghsheno H (2020) The effect of polymeric fibers on the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized clay soils in Northern Iran. Int J Geotech Eng 14:557–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1658057
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Chinkulkijniwat A, Raksachon Y, Suddeepong A (2010) Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations. Constr Build Mater 24:2011–2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011
Kamruzzaman AHM, Chew SH, Lee FH (2018) Engineering behaviour of cement treated Singapore Marine Clay. ISRM international symposium 2000, IS 2000
Shooshpasha I, Shirvani RA (2015) Effect of cement stabilization on geotechnical properties of sandy soils. Geomech Eng 8:17–31. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.017
Ismeik M, Shaqour F (2020) Effectiveness of lime in stabilising subgrade soils subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. Road Mater Pavement Des 21:42–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1479289
Wang D, Abriak NE, Zentar R, Chen W (2013) Effect of lime treatment on geotechnical properties of Dunkirk sediments in France. Road Mater Pavement Des 14:485–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.755935
Bozbey İ (2018) Microfabric evaluation of lime-treated clays by mercury intrusion porosimetry and environment scanning electron microscopy. Int J Civ Eng 16:443–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0151-5
Bayat M, Asgari MR, Mousivand M (2013) Effects of cement and lime treatment on geotechnical properties of a low plasticity clay. In: International conferenceon civil engineering, architecture and urban sustainable development, 27 & 28 Nov 2013, Tabriz, Iran Eff
Asgari MR, Baghebanzadeh Dezfuli A, Bayat M (2015) Experimental study on stabilization of a low plasticity clayey soil with cement/lime. Arab J Geosci 8:1439–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1173-1
Saadat M, Bayat M (2019) Prediction of the unconfined compressive strength of stabilised soil by Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Non-Linear Regression (NLR). Geomech Geoeng. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.1699668
Kamei T, Ahmed A, Ugai K (2013) Durability of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures. Soils Found 53:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.011
Ahmed A, Ugai K (2011) Environmental effects on durability of soil stabilized with recycled gypsum. Cold Reg Sci Technol 66:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.12.004
Shihata SA, Baghdadi ZA (2001) Simplified method to assess freeze-thaw durability of soil cement. J Mater Civ Eng 13:243–247. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:4(243)
Aryal S, Kolay PK (2020) Long-term durability of ordinary portland cement and polypropylene fibre stabilized kaolin soil using wetting–drying and freezing–thawing test. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-0191-9
Gupta D, Kumar A (2016) Strength characterization of cement stabilized and fiber reinforced clay-pond ash mixes. Int J Geosynth Gr Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-016-0069-z
Vidal CB, Raulino GSC, Barros AL, Ribeiro JP, Pires MJ, Nascimento RF (2012) BTEX removal from aqueous solutions by HDTMA-modified Y zeolite. J Environ Manage 112:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.026
Perraki T, Kakali G, Kontoleon F (2003) The effect of natural zeolites on the early hydration of Portland cement. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 61:205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(03)00369-X
Poon CS, Lam L, Kou SC, Lin ZS (1999) A study on the hydration rate of natural zeolite blended cement pastes. Constr Build Mater 13:427–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(99)00048-3
Mola-Abasi H, Saberian M, Semsani SN, Li J, Khajeh A (2020) Triaxial behaviour of zeolite-cemented sand. Proc Inst Civ Eng Gr Improv 173:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00009
Georgiannou VN, Lefas D, Konstadinou M, Perraki M (2017) Geotechnical properties of a natural zeolite. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng 170:395–406. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.16.00157
Mola-Abasi H, Kordtabar B, Kordnaeij A (2017) Parameters controlling strength of zeolite–cement–sand mixture. Int J Geotech Eng 11:72–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1186412
Canpolat F, Yilmaz K, Köse MM, Sümer M, Yurdusev MA (2004) Use of zeolite, coal bottom ash and fly ash as replacement materials in cement production. Cem Concr Res 34:731–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00063-2
Feng NQ, Li GZ, Zang XW (1990) High-strength and flowing concrete with a zeolitic mineral admixture. Cem Concr Aggreg 12:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1520/cca10273j
Mola-Abasi H, Shooshpasha I (2016) Influence of zeolite and cement additions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 8:746–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.01.008
Salamatpoor S, Jafarian Y, Hajiannia A (2018) Physical and mechanical properties of sand stabilized by cement and natural zeolite. Eur Phys J Plus 133:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2018-12016-0
MolaAbasi H, Saberian M, Li J (2019) Prediction of compressive and tensile strengths of zeolite-cemented sand using porosity and composition. Constr Build Mater 202:784–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.065
Kordnaeij A, Moayed RZ, Soleimani M (2019) Shear wave velocity of zeolite-cement grouted sands. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 122:196–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.026
Kordnaeij A, Moayed RZ, Soleimani M (2019) Small strain shear modulus equations for zeolite-cement grouted sands. Geotech Geol Eng 37:5097–5111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00964-4
Lin CF, Lo SS, Lin HY, Lee Y (1998) Stabilization of cadmium contaminated soils using synthesized zeolite. J Hazard Mater 60:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00092-2
Ling FNL, Kassim KA, Abdul Karim AT, Kan JH (2015) Strength and stiffness of artificial organic soil admixed with lime zeolite. Appl Mech Mater 773–774:1422–1427. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1422
Shi JX (2013) The applications of zeolite in sustainable binders for soil stabilization. Appl Mech Mater 256–259:112–115. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.256-259.112
Chen M, Nong S, Zhao Y, Riaz MS, Xiao Y, Molokeev MS, Huang F (2020) Renewable P-type zeolite for superior absorption of heavy metals: Isotherms, kinetics, and mechanism. Sci Total Environ 726:138535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138535
Vatin NI, Chechevichkin VN, Chechevichkin AV, Shilova Y, Yakunin LA (2014) Application of natural zeolites for aquatic and air medium purification. Applied mechanics and materials. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland, pp 565–572
Bai Y, Sun Q, Xing R, Wen D, Tang X (2010) Removal of pyridine and quinoline by bio-zeolite composed of mixed degrading bacteria and modified zeolite. J Hazard Mater 181:916–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.099
Murayama N, Tanabe M, Yamamoto H, Shibata J (2003) Reaction, mechanism and application of various zeolite syntheses from coal fly ash. Mater Trans 44:2475–2480. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.2475
Shigemoto N, Hayashi H, Miyaura K (1993) Selective formation of Na-X zeolite from coal fly ash by fusion with sodium hydroxide prior to hydrothermal reaction. J Mater Sci 28:4781–4786. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00414272
Querol X, Plana F, Alastuey A, López-Soler A (1997) Synthesis of Na-zeolites from fly ash. Fuel 76:793–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(96)00188-3
Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Khalid H, Rizwan M, Ali S, Sohail MI, Usman M, Umair M (2019) Inorganic amendments for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils. Cadmium tolerance in plants: agronomic, molecular, signaling, and omic approaches. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 113–141
Turkoz M, Vural P (2013) The effects of cement and natural zeolite additives on problematic clay soils. Sci Eng Compos Mater 20:395–405. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0104
Öncü Ş, Bilsel H (2017) Effect of zeolite utilization on volume change and strength properties of expansive soil as landfill barrier. Can Geotech J 54:1320–1330. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0483
Jafarpour P, Moayed RZ, Kordnaeij A (2020) Behavior of zeolite-cement grouted sand under triaxial compression test. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 12:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.06.010
Akbari HR, Sharafi H, Goodarzi AR (2020) Effect of polypropylene fiber inclusion in kaolin clay stabilized with lime and nano-zeolite considering temperatures of 20 and 40 °C. Bull Eng Geol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02028-x
Ahmadi Chenarboni H, Hamid Lajevardi S, MolaAbasi H, Zeighami E (2021) The effect of zeolite and cement stabilization on the mechanical behavior of expansive soils. Constr Build Mater 272:121630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121630
Mola-Abasi H, Kordtabar B, Kordnaeij A (2016) Effect of natural zeolite and cement additive on the strength of sand. Geotech Geol Eng 34:1539–1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0060-4
Andersland OB, Ladanyi B, ASCE, (2003) Frozen Ground Engineering, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Roustaei M, Hendry M, Aghaei EA, Bayat M (2021) Shear modulus and damping ratio of clay soil under repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Acta Geodyn Geomater 18:71–81. https://doi.org/10.13168/AGG.2021.0005
Shibi T, Kamei T (2014) Effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the strength and physical properties of cement-stabilised soil containing recycled bassanite and coal ash. Cold Reg Sci Technol 106–107:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06.005
Kordnaeij A, Moayed RZ, Soleimani M (2019) Unconfined compressive strength of loose sandy soils grouted with zeolite and cement. Soils Found 59:905–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.03.012
Lu Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xu L (2020) Freeze–thaw performance of a cement-treated expansive soil. Cold Reg Sci Technol 170:102926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102926
Singh SP, Tripathy DP, Ranjith PG (2008) Performance evaluation of cement stabilized fly ash-GBFS mixes as a highway construction material. Waste Manag 28:1331–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.017
Ghadir P, Ranjbar N (2018) Clayey soil stabilization using geopolymer and Portland cement. Constr Build Mater 188:361–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.207
Zhang Y, Johnson AE, White DJ (2016) Laboratory freeze–thaw assessment of cement, fly ash, and fiber stabilized pavement foundation materials. Cold Reg Sci Technol 122:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.11.005
Ding M, Zhang F, Ling X, Lin B (2018) Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber and cement stabilized clay. Cold Reg Sci Technol 154:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.07.004
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MRSK SK, and MB contributed substantially to the conception and design of the study; MRSK conducted the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the results and drafted the manuscript. SK, and MB provided final approval of the version to publish. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
ShahriarKian, M., Kabiri, S. & Bayat, M. Utilization of Zeolite to Improve the Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Soil. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 7, 35 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9