Abstract
Soil–geosynthetic interaction is a key factor for designing and analyzing reinforced soil structures. In this investigation, the effect of different moisture content on the behavior of soil–geogrid interfaces is evaluated using direct shear and pullout tests. The results are presented and discussed in terms of direct shear and interface shear behavior, the frictional resistance of interfaces, efficiency factor, pullout resistance, pullout behavior, and apparent friction coefficient. The results revealed that a decrease in moisture content resulted in an increase in the both interface friction angle and adhesion of specimens. Moreover, the interface friction angle of sand–geogrid specimens in pullout tests was higher than that of direct shear tests. According to interface shear results, the efficiency factors ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. Based on pullout results, the apparent friction coefficient was found to be in the range of 0.77–1.72.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu CN, Ho YH, Huang JW (2009) Large scale direct shear tests of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interfaces. Geotext Geomembr 27(1):19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.03.002
Abdi MR, Arjomand MA (2011) Pullout tests conducted on clay reinforced with geogrid encapsulated in thin layers of sand. Geotext Geomembr 29(6):588–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.04.004
Ferreira FB, Vieira CS, Lopes M (2015) Direct shear behaviour of residual soil–geosynthetic interfaces–influence of soil moisture content, soil density and geosynthetic type. Geosynth Int 22(3):257–272. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00011
Infante DJU, Martinez GMA, Arrua PA, Eberhardt M (2016) Shear strength behavior of different geosynthetic reinforced soil structure from direct shear test. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 2(2):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-016-0058-2
Namjoo AM, Jafari K, Toufigh V (2020) Effect of particle size of sand and surface properties of reinforcement on sand-geosynthetics and sand–carbon fiber polymer interface shear behavior. Transp Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100403
Moraci N, Cardile G, Gioffrè D, Mandaglio MC, Calvarano LS, Carbone L (2014) Soil geosynthetic interaction: design parameters from experimental and theoretical analysis. Transp Infrastruct Geotechnol 1(2):165–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-014-0007-2
Palmeira EM (2009) Soil–geosynthetic interaction: modelling and analysis. Geotext Geomembr 27(5):368–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.03.003
Bergado DT, Ramana GV, Sia HI (2006) Evaluation of interface shear strength of composite liner system and stability analysis for a landfill lining system in Thailand. Geotext Geomembr 24(6):371–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.04.001
Abu-Farsakh M, Coronel J, Tao M (2007) Effect of soil moisture content and dry density on cohesive soil–geosynthetic interactions using large direct shear tests. J Mater Civ Eng 19(7):540–549. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:7(540)
Khoury CN, Miller GA, Hatami K (2011) Unsaturated soil–geotextile interface behavior. Geotext Geomembr 29(1):17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.009
Esmaili D, Hatami K, Miller GA (2014) Influence of matric suction on geotextile reinforcement-marginal soil interface strength. Geotext Geomembr 42(2):139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.01.005
Hatami K, Esmaili D (2015) Unsaturated soil–woven geotextile interface strength properties from small-scale pullout and interface tests. Geosynth Int 22(2):161–172. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00002
ASTM D3080 (2011) Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions. West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM D2216 (2010) Standard test methods for laboratory determination of water (moisture content of soil and rock by mass). West Conshohocken, PA
CEN (2016) EN ISO 9863–1:2016 Geosynthetics—determination of thickness at specified pressures—Part 1: single layers. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (2005) EN ISO 9864:2005 Geosynthetics—test method for the determination of mass per unit area of geotextiles and geotextile-related products. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (2008) EN ISO 10319:2008. Wide-width tensile tests. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
ASTM D5321 (2014) Standard test method for determining the coefficient of soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic friction by the direct shear method. West Conshohocken, PA
Choudhary AK, Krishna AM (2016) Experimental investigation of interface behaviour of different types of granular soil/geosynthetics. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 2(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-016-0044-8
Toufigh V, Ouria A, Desai CS, Javid N, Toufigh V, Saadatmanesh H (2016) Interface behavior between carbon-fiber polymer and sand. J Test Eval 44(1):385–390. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20140153
ASTM D698 (2012) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3). West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM D6706 (2001) Standard test method for measuring geosynthetic pullout resistance in soil. West Conshohocken, PA
Toufigh V, Saeid F, Toufigh V, Ouria A, Desai CS, Saadatmanesh H (2014) Laboratory study of soil-CFRP interaction using pull-out test. Geomech Geoeng 9(3):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.813650
Mirzaalimohammadi A, Ghazavi M, Roustaei M, Lajevardi SH (2019) Pullout response of strengthened geosynthetic interacting with fine sand. Geotext Geomembr 47(4):530–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2019.02.006
Namjoo AM, Toufigh MM, Toufigh V (2019) Experimental investigation of interface behaviour between different types of sand and carbon fibre polymer. Eur J Environ Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1626290
FHWA-NHI-00-043 (2001) Mechanically stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes. Design and Constructions Guidelines. U.S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, USA
Prashanth V, Krishna AM, Dash SK (2016) Pullout tests using modified direct shear test setup for measuring soil–geosynthetic interaction parameters. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng 2(2):10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-016-0050-x
Acknowledgements
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Namjoo, A.M., Soltani, F. & Toufigh, V. Effects of Moisture on the Mechanical Behavior of Sand–Geogrid: An Experimental Investigation. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 7, 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00243-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-020-00243-w