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Prenatal Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and the Development of Self-Control

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke among non-smoking mothers is associated with their child’s development of self-control from childhood into adolescence.

Methods

We use longitudinal survey data collected from non-smoking mothers (n = 750) who participated in the U.S. Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development and estimate a series of OLS regressions and multilevel models for change to examine development in self-control from 54 months to 15 years of age.

Results

Controlling for several potential confounding influences--including maternal self-control, maternal intelligence, maternal education, and maternal depression--prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke was estimated to have a negative association with the development of self-control across childhood and into adolescence.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of minimizing expectant mothers’ exposure to secondhand smoke due to the risks that may extend to their unborn child’s developmental trajectory of self-control.

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Notes

  1. To consider whether the sample of 750 families we focus on was different from the 614 additional SECCYD families that are not included in our analyses, we made comparisons with respect to six demographic/social status variables measured at the 1-month post-birth interview: child’s sex, child’s race, family structure, maternal age, maternal education, and family income. Families dropped from the analyses (either because they dropped out of the study, had missing data on key variables, and/or had mothers who were smokers) were more likely to have a child that was male (X 2 = 5.06, p = .025); more likely to be non-White (X 2 = 17.86, p < .01); less likely to come from a traditional family structure (X 2 = 106.89, p < .01); were born to younger mothers (t = 9.19, p < .01); had mothers with lower levels of education (t = 12.40, p < .01); and came from families with lower incomes (t = 7.44, p < .01). As a result, we include controls for each of these variables in our statistical models.

  2. We place quotes around “treatment effect” to reinforce that our goal is to identify an early life risk factor, but we are cognizant that the limits of our analysis do not allow us to speak definitively to causality.

  3. One potential concern is that the control variable for maternal self-control is not the same measure used to tap into child and adolescent self-control. Having said this, measures of maternal self-control and child self-control have consistently differed from one another in past research (see [12]; [54]; [77]), reflecting in part the notion that self-control likely manifests itself in different ways when moving from childhood into adulthood. As an additional point of emphasis, the correlation between maternal self-control and child self-control at each of the eight waves was consistently around 0.25, demonstrative of the construct validity of the two measures.

  4. As we previously discussed, the fact that the item measuring the smoking behavior of mothers during pregnancy did not reference the frequency of smoking introduces significant measurement error. Thus, even though the ordinal-coded measure for maternal smoking was significantly correlated at the bivariate level with child self-control across all 8 waves of data, we do not view the finding of a lack of a statistically significant effect in the fully controlled model (i.e., the model that included the 14 covariates) as unexpected.

  5. Another possibility is that exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood (as opposed to the prenatal period) could be contributing to variation in self-control. Unfortunately, the SECCYD do not contain data capturing secondhand smoke exposure for the children after birth.

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Acknowledgments

The SECCYD was conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, supported by NICHD through a cooperative agreement that calls for scientific collaboration between the grantees and the NICHD staff. The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the National Institutes of Health (United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development: Phases I–IV, 1991–2008 [United States] [Computer files]. ICPSR21940-v1; ICPSR21941-v1; ICPSR21942-v1; ICPSR22361-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]).

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  1. Department of Criminal Justice, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, PCA-364B, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    Ryan Charles Meldrum

  2. School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA

    J. C. Barnes

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Meldrum, R.C., Barnes, J.C. Prenatal Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and the Development of Self-Control. J Dev Life Course Criminology 3, 243–265 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-016-0038-1

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