Abstract
The fast-growing procedure (FGP) provides a simple, high-yield and lead (Pb)-release free method to prepare perovskite films. In the FGP, the ultra-dilute perovskite precursor solution is drop-cast onto a hot (~240°C) substrate, where a perovskite film grows immediately accompanied by the rapid evaporation of the host solvent. In this process, all the raw materials in the precursor solution are deposited into the final perovskite film. The potential pollution caused by Pb can be significantly reduced. Properties of the FGP-processed perovskite films can be modulated by the precursor composition. While CH3NH3Cl (MACl) affects the crystallization process and leads to full surface coverage, CH(NH2)2I (FAI) enhances the thermal stability of the film. Based on the optimized precursor composition of PbI2·(1−x)FAI·xMACl, x=0.75, FGP-processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 15% with suppressed hysteresis and excellent reproducibility.
摘要
快速成膜工艺提供了一种简单、高产率、无铅释放的钙钛矿薄膜制备方法. 在这一方法中, 低浓度的钙钛矿前驱体溶液被滴到240°C的热衬底上, 伴随着溶剂在高温条件下的迅速挥发, 钙钛矿在衬底表面迅速结晶, 生长成一层薄膜. 在此过程中, 所有含铅的原材料都被沉积到钙钛矿薄膜中, 含铅原材料的浪费和铅释放导致的污染都被显著降低. 这种方法制备的钙钛矿薄膜的性质可以由前驱体溶液的组分调节. CH3NH3Cl (MACl)可以调节结晶过程, 有助于提高薄膜表面覆盖率. CH(NH2)2I (FAI)有助于提高钙钛矿薄膜的热稳定性. 当前驱体组分为PbI2·(1−x)FAI·xMACl, x=0.75时, 快速成膜工艺制备的钙钛矿膜达到最优化性质, 由此制备的平面结太阳电池可以实现超过15%的能量转换效率, 迟滞现象很小, 并且重复性良好.
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2015CB932203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61377025, 91433203, and 11121091), and the Young 1000 Talents Global Recruitment Program of China. Liu F and Russell TP were supported by the US Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-15-1-2244. Zhou Y and Padture NP acknowledge the support from the US National Science Foundation (DMR-1305913 and OIA-1538893) for the work performed at Brown University. The authors thank Prof. XinqiangWang for the calibration of solar simulator.
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Author contributions Zhu R, Liu T and Chen K developed the fast-growing procedure (FGP). Zhu R and Liu T optimized the precursor composition and established the relationship between the film properties and precursor solutions. Zhou Y tested the corss-section SEM images, 2D XRD, AFM, c-AFM and analyzed the underlying mechanism in this study. Hu Q helped with constructing the regular structure perovskite solar cells. Zhang Y synthesised the FAI used in this study. Yang W and Luo D helped to optimize the performance of PSCs. Wu J tested the top-view SEM images. Ye F calibrated the solar simulator. Hu Q, Liu F and Russell T helped to analyze the crystal structure for various perovskite films. Liu T and Zhou Y prepared the manuscript. Zhu K, Russell T, Padture N and Gong Q helped to revise the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript was approved by all authors.
Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
Supplementary information Supporting data are available in the online version of the paper.
Tanghao Liu is a PhD candidate at the Department of Physics, Peking University. He received his Bachelor’s degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2013. His research focuses on the perovskite solar cells.
Rui Zhu is an associate professor in the State Key Laboratory of ArtificialMicrostructure andMesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University. He received his Bachelor’s degree from Nanjing University in 2003 and PhD degree from Fudan University in 2007. He joined the Department of Physics at Peking University in 2013. His research focuses on the development of advanced photovoltaic materials and devices.
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Liu, T., Zhou, Y., Hu, Q. et al. Fabrication of compact and stable perovskite films with optimized precursor composition in the fast-growing procedure. Sci. China Mater. 60, 608–616 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9044-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9044-y