Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Using simulation model to determine the regulation and to optimize the quantity of chlorine injection in water distribution networks

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Water can be disinfected by various techniques. Chlorination is the most prevalent and the cheapest method in this regard. One of the most significant factors in chlorination is the location and the amount of chlorine injections, both of which must be chosen in a way that the amount of chlorine remaining in all sections of a city’s water distribution network is within the standard range, and the associated costs are reduced to a considerable extent. Therefore, in this research, we have implemented a technique which takes both of those issues, i.e., the amount of residual chlorine in pipes and the quantity of chlorine consumed in diverse sections of the water distribution network into account leading to a much more cost-effective water disinfection technique. Our technique shows that municipal water distribution network, are effectively in tune with the current highest standards set in the water disinfection procedure for the lowest possible cost. For modeling the water allocation network, the WaterGems software was used. Using this software, the network was modeled into two practical methods, i.e., gravity and direct pumping methods. The productivity of gravity as well as direct pumping methods was shown to control the optimal chlorine injection rate by resolving the two applied models of water distribution networks. The results showed that the residual chlorine content in 70% of the direct pipe network was within the standard range and in 100% of the tubes in the gravity distribution network lower than the standard. Also, the chlorine which was consumed in the direct pumping network was 7% lesser than that in the gravity distribution network. This research showed that the adjusting of chlorine injection into direct-pumped networks compared with gravity distribution networks was more feasible and also required less chlorine consumption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afzali M (2010) City water distribution networks. Tehran University, Tehran, pp 72–140 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhlaghi M, Dorost A, Karimyan K, Narooie MR, Sharafi H (2018) Data for comparison of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfection power in a real dairy wastewater effluent. Data Brief 18:886–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alzamora FM, Ayala HJB, Roca NM (2001) Connecting arc GIS to WaterGEMS a full environmental to manage water distribution systems using models. In: Ulanichi B, Coulbeck B, Ulanichi B, Rance JP (eds) Water software systems: theory and applications. Research Studies Press

  • Araya A, Sánchez LD (2018) Residual chlorine behavior in a distribution network of a small water supply system. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 8:349–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardeshir A, AlimohammadNezhad M, Behzadian K, Jalilsani F (2011) Control of THM formation in multiobjective booster chlorination for water distribution systems. Computing and control for the water industry. In: Proceeding of CCWI conference, urban water management-challenges and opportunities, Exeter (in Persian)

  • Babazadeh H (2010) Design of water supply networks. Tehran University, Tehran, pp 193–8 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmenji AB, Mojtahedi A, Rezayi A (2017) Analysis of the urban water requisition demand for the purpose of re-engineering and water network optimization (case study: Tabriz’Eram urban area). Civ Eng J 3(9):672–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behzadian K, Alimohammadnejad M, Ardeshir A, Jalilsan F, Vasheghani H (2012) A novel approach for water quality management in water distribution systems by multi-objective booster chlorination. Int J Civ Eng 10(1):51–60 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccelli DL, Rossman LA, Tryby ME, Uber JG, Zierolf ML, Polycarpou MM (1998) Optimal scheduling of booster disinfection in water distribution system. J Water Res Plan Manag 124(2):99–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broad DR, Dandy GC, Maier HR (2005) Water distribution system optimization using metamodels. J Water Res Plan Manag 131(3):172–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Digiano FA, Zhang W, Travaglia A (2000) Water age (EPANET) and mean residence time of fluoride tracers in distribution systems. In: Proc. of AWWA water quality technology conference, Denver

  • Du Y, Peng W, Wang S, Liu X, Chen C, Liu C, Wang L (2018) Modeling of water quality evolution and response with the hydrological regime changes in Poyang Lake. Environ Earth Sci 77(7):265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert KA, Laskov C, Elsner M, Haderlein SB (2017) Calibration bias of experimentally determined chlorine isotope enrichment factors: the need for a two-point calibration in compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 31(1):68–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fayyad M, Al-Sheikhi A (2000) Determination of n-chloramines in as-samra chlorinated wastewater and their effect on the disinfection process. J. Water and Environment Research and Study Center. University of Jordan, Amman

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs MS, Morgan N, Maier HR, Dandy GC, Nixon JB, Holmes M (2006) Investigation into the relationship between chlorine decay and water distribution parameters using data driven methods. J Math Comput Model 44(5–6):458–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Haghighi MR, AlianKoupaee T (2003) Investigating the effects of temperature on chlorine decay coefficients in water distribution networks using a dynamic quality model. J Water Wastewater 47:21–29. (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heibati M, Stedmon CA, Stenroth K, Rauch S, Toljander J, Säve-Söderbergh M, Murphy KR (2017) Assessment of drinking water quality at the tap using fluorescence spectroscopy. Water Res 125:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey R (2002) How to reduce water age in distribution systems. J AWWA 85(7):67–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Karadirek IE, Kara S, Muhammetoglu A, Muhammetoglu H, Soyupak S (2016) Management of chlorine dosing rates in urban water distribution networks using online continuous monitoring and modeling. Urban Water J 13(4):345–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kothandaraman V, Ralph LE (1974) Design and performance of chlorine contact tanks. Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Logeshkumaran A, Magesh NS, Godson PS, Chandrasekar N (2015) Hydro-geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Appl Water Sci 5(4):335–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minson D, Anwar F (2015) Water quality management in an integrated water supply system. In: 36th hydrology and water resources symposium: the art and science of water. Engineers, Australia, p 1418

  • Monzavi M (2009) Urban water supply. Tehran University, Tehran, pp 319–328 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Munavalli GR, Mohan Kumar MS (2003) Optimal scheduling of multiple chlorine sources in water distribution systems. J Water Res Plan Manag 129(6):493–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazari A (2011) Design of water supply (water Gems). Eliyas, Tehran, pp 119–128 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Njoku CG, Okon I, Okpiliya F, Agbor AA, Ekwok I (2017) Epanet spatial modelling for equitable pipe-borne water distribution in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Southern Nigeria. Int J Sci Environ Technol 6(4):2655–2673

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad T, Walters GA, Savic DA (2003) Booster disinfection of water supply networks: multi-objective approach. J Water Resour Plan Manag 130:367–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rouhiainen CJ, Tade C, West G (2003) Multi-objective genetic algorithm for optimal scheduling of chlorine dosing in water distribution systems. In: Advances in water supply and management. Swets and Zeitlinger Pub, Lisse

    Google Scholar 

  • Saboorian Sarroodi A, Ardeshir K, Behzadian F, Jalil S (2011) Optimal sit location for booster stations of chlorine injection with nonlinear decay rate in water distribution system. J Water Wastewater Plan Manag 77:2–12 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghi M, TajiEshkaftaki A, Hashemi H, Hoseyny S (2015) The comparison of two water supply systems (gravity distribution and direct pumping) from the viewpoint of pressure, leakage and quality of water using waterGems v3/0 model (case study: Boroujen water supply network). J. Health Syst Res 10(4):685–696 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar P, Martín M, González-Mora JL, González-Elipe AR (2016) Application of prussian blue electrodes for amperometric detection of free chlorine in water samples using flow injection analysis. Talanta 146:410–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salunkhe S, Wagh M, Sawant S, Rathod S, Salunke PJ (2018) Applications of software’s in environmental engineering. Int J Adv Res Dev 3(1):187–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabesh M, Azadi B (2007) Optimum management of water distribution networks via determination of the optimum rate of chlorine injection using analytical excel and genetic algorithms. J Water Wastewater Plan Manag 77:2–12 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabesh M, Azadi B, Rozbahani A (2011) Optimization of chlorine injection dosage in water distribution networks using a genetic algorithm. J Water Wastewater Plan Manag 77:2–12 (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Taebi A (2009) Relationship between pressure and rate of leakage in water distribution network. In: Iranian hydraulic conference, pp 252–255 (in Persian)

  • The Standard and Industrial Research Organization (1997) Physical and chemical characteristics of potable water, Standard. p 1053 (in Persian)

  • Tryby ME, Boccelli DL, Uber JG, Lewis, Rossman A (2002) Facility location model for booster disinfection of water supply networks. J Water Resour Plan Manag 128(5):322–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udhane D, Kataria N, Sankhe S, Motegaonkar TPS (2018) Hydraulic modeling simulation of smart water distribution network. Population 15406(26717):45985

    Google Scholar 

  • Walski T, Blakley D, Evans M, Whitman B (2017) Verifying pressure dependent demand modeling. Proc Eng 186:364–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing J, Wang H, Cheng X, Tang X, Luo X, Wang J, Wang T, Li G, Liang H (2018) Application of low-dosage UV/chlorine pre-oxidation for mitigating ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling in natural surface water treatment. Chem Eng J 344:62–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Resource Engineering Department, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston st., Birmingham, B152TT, UK

    Safieh Javadinejad

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, 8514143131, Iran

    Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari

  3. Flood risk Management Consultant, Environment Agency, Manchester, UK, Environment Agency, Manchester, UK

    Forough Jafary

Authors
  1. Safieh Javadinejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Forough Jafary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Javadinejad, S., Ostad-Ali-Askari, K. & Jafary, F. Using simulation model to determine the regulation and to optimize the quantity of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 5, 1015–1023 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00587-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00587-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation