Abstract
Due to noise enhancement, conventional Zero Forcing (ZF) equalizers are not suitable for wireless Underwater Acoustic (UWA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. Furthermore, these systems suffer from increasing complexity due to the large number of subcarriers, especially in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. On the other hand, the Minimum Mean Square Error equalizer suffers from high complexity. This type of equalizers needs an estimation of the operating Signal-to-Noise Ratio to work properly. In this paper, we propose a Joint Low-Complexity Regularized ZF equalizer for MIMO UWA-OFDM systems to cope with these problems. The main objective of the proposed equalizer is to enhance the system performance with a lower complexity by performing equalization in two steps. The co-channel interference can be mitigated in the first step. A regularization term is added in the second step to avoid the noise enhancement. Simulation results show that the proposed equalization scheme has the ability to enhance the UWA system performance with low complexity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Li B, Huang J, Zhou S, Ball K, Stojanovic M, Freitag L, Willett P (2009) MIMO-OFDM for high-rate underwater acoustic communications. IEEE J Ocean Eng 34:634–644
Radosevic A, Ahmed R, Duman TM, Proakis JG, Stojanovic M (2014) Adaptive OFDM modulation for underwater acoustic communications: design considerations and experimental results. IEEE J Ocean Eng. 39:357–370
Cheng X, Wen M, Cheng X, Yang L (2013) Effective self-cancellation of inter carrier interference for OFDM underwater acoustic communications, In: The international conference on under water networks and systems (WUWNet). Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Zhang L, Kang T, Song H, Hodgkiss W, Xu X (2013) MIMO-OFDM acoustic communication in shallow water, OCEANS-San Diego. p. 1–4
Zakharov Y, Morozov A (2014) OFDM transmission without guard interval in fast-varying underwater acoustic channels. IEEE J Ocean Eng 40:144–158
Liu L, Zhou S, Cui J (2008) Prospects and problems of wireless communications for underwater sensor networks. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 8:977–994
Stojanovic M, Preisig J (2009) Underwater acoustic communication channels: propagation models and statistical characterization. IEEE Commun Mag 47:84–89
Stojanovic M (2008) FDM for underwater acoustic communications: adaptive synchronization and sparse channel estimation, In Proceedings of international conference on acoustics speech signal process
Huang J-Z, Zhou S et al (2011) Progressive inter-carrier interference equalization for OFDM transmission over time-varying underwater acoustic channels. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process 5:1524–1536
Kang T, Iltis AI (2008) Iterative carrier frequency offset and channel estimation for underwater acoustic OFDM systems. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 26:1650–1661
Tu K, Fertonani D, Duman TM, Stojanovic M, Proakis JG, Hursky P (2011) Mitigation of inter carrier interference for OFDM over time-varying underwater acoustic channels. IEEE J Ocean Eng 36:156–171
Qureshi S (1985) Adaptive equalization. Proc IEEE 73:1349–1387
Proakis JG (1991) Adaptive equallzation techniques for acoustic telemetry channels. IEEE J Ocean Eng 16:21–31
Wang Z, Giannakis G (2004) OFDM or single-carrier block transmissions. IEEE Trans Commun 52:380–394
Al-kamali FS, Dessouky MI, Sallam BM, ElSamie FE (2009) Performance evaluation of cyclic prefix CDMA systems with frequency domain interference cancellation. Digit Signal Process J 19:2–13
Kibangou AY, Siclet C, Ros L(2010) ZF OFDM receiver for underwater communications, In Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on communications, control and signal processing, ISCCSP. Limassol, cyprus
Ling J, Tan X, Li J, Nordenvaad ML (2010) Efficient channel equalization for MIMO underwater acoustic communications, In IEEE sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop
Al-Kamali FS, Dessouky MI, Sallam BM, Al-Hanafy F, Shawki W, Abd El-Samie FE (2012) Joint low-complexity equalization and carrier frequency offsets compensation scheme for MIMO SC-FDMA systems. In IEEE transactions on wireless communications. 11:869–873
Cao Z, Tureli U, Yao Y (2007) Low-complexity orthogonal spectral signal construction for generalized OFDMA uplink with frequency synchronization errors. IEEE Trans Veh Tech 56:1143–1154
Jensen FB, Kuperman WA, Porter MB, Schmidt H (2000) Computational ocean acoustics. Springer, New York
Qarabaqi P, Stojanovic M (2013) Statistical characterization and computationally efficient modeling of a class of underwater acoustic communication channels. IEEE J Ocean Eng 38:701–717
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ramadan, K., Dessouky, M.I., Elagooz, S. et al. Equalization and Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation for Underwater Acoustic OFDM Systems. Ann. Data. Sci. 5, 259–272 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40745-017-0127-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40745-017-0127-y