Skip to main content
Log in

Conceptual heterogeneity and the legacy of organicism: thoughts on the life organic

Essay review of Erik Peterson, The life organic: the theoretical biology club and the roots of epigenetics, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016, 328 pp., $45.00

  • Review Essay
  • Published:
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Notes

  1. More precisely, these ‘-isms’ do appear sporadically in the book, but are cited as basic terms or ideas that are treated as constituent of organicism, rather than separate intellectual positions.

  2. Morgan is included as a “first generation” organicist (TLO, p. 23) while Smuts is included as an important tangential figure capturing the Zeitgeist of organicism during the 1920’s and early 1930’s.

  3. These are discussed at length by Pnina Abir-Am (e.g. 1987), who I will return to forthwith.

  4. Werner Callebaut (1993) documents Lewontin’s and his colleague Richard Levins’s personal fascination with Needham and Waddington in a personal interview, while Gould wrote a glowing review for the reprinting of Needham’s Order and Life (Gould 1973).

  5. Even the critic Ernst Mayr gave a positive nod to organicism in his The Growth of Biological Thought (1982, pp. 66), though the genuineness of this nod has been disputed.

  6. Ecology is also all too rarely examined by philosophers and historians of science, so I cannot really fault Peterson for this point.

References

  • Abir-Am, P. G. (1987). The biotheoretical gathering, transdisciplinary authority and the incipient legitimation of molecular biology in the 1930’s: New perspective on the historical sociology of science. History of Science, 25, 1–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, S. (1920). Space, time and deity: The Gifford lectures at Glasgow, 1916–1918 (2nd ed.). London: McMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baedke, J. (2013). The epigenetic landscape in the course of time: Conrad Hal Waddington’s methodological impact on the life sciences. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44, 756–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baedke, J. (2018). Above the gene, beyond biology; toward a philosophy of epigenetics. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blitz, D. (1992). Emergent evolution: Qualitative novelty and the levels of reality. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner, J. T. (Ed.). (1982). Evolution and development: Report of the Dahlem workshop on evolution and development Berlin 1981, May 10–15. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad, C. D. (1925). The mind and its place in nature. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callebaut, W. (1993). Taking the naturalistic turn, or, how real philosophy of science is done. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, N., Dietrich, M. R., Alomepe, B. S., Antrim, A. F., ByrneSim, B. L., & He, Yi. (2015). The diversification of developmental biology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 53, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito, M. (2015). Romantic biology, 1890–1945. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, S. F., & Sarkar, S. (2000). Embracing complexity: Organicism for the twenty-first century. Developmental Dynamics, 219(1), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golley, F. (1996). A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology: More than the sum of the parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S. J. (1973). Order and Life by Joseph Needham. Leonardo, 6(3), 267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. K., Pearson, R. D., & Müller, G. B. (2004). Environment, development, and evolution: Toward a synthesis. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, D. (1976). Crystals, fabrics, and fields: Metaphors of organicism in twentieth century developmental biology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwa, C. (1987). Representations of nature mediating between ecology and science policy: The case of the international biology program. Social Studies of Science, 17, 413–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laubichler, M., & Maienschein, J. (Eds.). (2007). From embryology to Evo-Devo: A history of developmental evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, B. P. (1992). The rise and fall of British emergentism. In H. F. Beckermann & J. Kim (Eds.), Emergence or reduction? (pp. 49–93). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1936). Order and life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1942). Berkeleian biology. Nature, 129(3258), 524–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, D. J., & Gawne, R. (2014). Rethinking Woodger’s Legacy in the Philosophy of biology. Journal of the History of Biology, 47(2), 243–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, D. J., & Gawne, R. (2015). Neither logical empiricism nor vitalism, but organicism: What the philosophy of biology was. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 37(4), 345–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P. (1977). The emergence of ecology as a new integrative discipline. Science, 195(4284), 1289–1293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pigliucci, M., & Müller, G. B. (Eds.). (2010). Evolution—the extended synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senechal, M. (2013). I died for beauty: Dorothy Wrinch and the cultures of science. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sölch, D. (2016). Wheeler and Whitehead: Process biology and process philosophy in the early twentieth century. Journal of the History of Ideas, 77(3), 489–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, C. H. (1952). The epigenetics of birds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, C. H. (1975). The origin. In E. Worthington (Ed.), The evolution of the IBP (pp. 4–7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, M. (1926). Emergent evolution and the social. Science, 64(1662), 433–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel S. Brooks.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brooks, D.S. Conceptual heterogeneity and the legacy of organicism: thoughts on the life organic. HPLS 41, 24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-019-0263-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-019-0263-0

Navigation