Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effect of vitamin D supplementation in combination with low-calorie diet on anthropometric indices and androgen hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known as the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive age women. The aim of this studywas to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in combination with low-calorie diet on anthropometric indices, reproductive hormones and menstrual regularity in overweight and obese PCOS women.

Methods

In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 PCOS women with vitamin D insufficiency were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of either (1) weight-loss intervention + 50,000 IU/week oral vitamin D3 or (2) weight-loss intervention + placebo. At the beginning and end of the study, the anthropometric indices, body composition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI) were measured and regularity of menses was compared among the two groups.

Result

After 12-week intervention, median of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 significantly increased from 18.5 (10.75–20) ng/ml to 42.69 (34–53.25) ng/ml in vitamin D group compared to placebo group (p < 001). Moreover, there was a significant improvement in frequency regular menstrual cycle (p = 0.01). Mean of weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist and hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio significantly decreased in both groups, but was not different between two groups. Mean of total testosterone insignificantly decreased from 0.7 to 0.5 ng/ml in vitamin D group (p = 0.18). In addition, we did not observe significant differences regarding DHEAS, FAI and SHBG between two groups.

Conclusions

In women with PCOS, androgen profile did not change with vitamin D supplementation when combined with low-calorie diet, but menstrual frequency significantly improved.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

IRCT2016062710826N19.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lobo RA, Carmina E (2000) The importance of diagnosing the polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Intern Med 132(12):989–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Farquhar CM, Birdsall M, Manning P, Mitchell JM, France JT (1994) The prevalence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scanning in a population of randomly selected women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 34(1):67–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mehrabian F, Khani B, Kelishadi R, Ghanbari E (2011) The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian women based on different diagnostic criteria. Endokrynol Pol 62(3):238–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rotterdam E (2004) Group A-SPCW. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod (Oxford, England) 19(1):41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wehr E, Möller R, Horejsi R, Giuliani A, Kopera D, Schweighofer N et al (2009) Subcutaneous adipose tissue topography and metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121(7):262–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W et al (2009) The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 91(2):456–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Moran LJ, Brinkworth GD, Norman RJ (eds) Dietary therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Seminars in reproductive medicine; 2008: © Thieme Medical Publishers

  8. Donà S, Bacchi E, Moghetti P (2017) Is cardiorespiratory fitness impaired in PCOS women? A review of the literature. J Endocrinol Investig 40(5):463–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Karakose M, Demircan K, Tutal E, Demirci T, Arslan M, Sahin M et al (2016) Clinical significance of ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, ADAMTS9 aggrecanases and IL-17A, IL-23, IL-33 cytokines in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Investig 39(11):1269–1275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Spritzer PM, Lecke SB, Satler F, Morsch DM (2015) Adipose tissue dysfunction, adipokines, and low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction 149(5):R219–R227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Vicennati V (1997) Weight control and its beneficial effect on fertility in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 12(suppl 1):82–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Panidis D, Farmakiotis D, Rousso D, Kourtis A, Katsikis I, Krassas G (2008) Obesity, weight loss, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of treatment with diet and orlistat for 24 weeks on insulin resistance and androgen levels. Fertil Steril 89(4):899–906

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Costello MF, Misso ML, Wong J, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder A et al (2012) The treatment of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief update. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 52(4):400–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dunaif A (1997) Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis 1. Endocr Rev 18(6):774–800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yildizhan R, Kurdoglu M, Adali E, Kolusari A, Yildizhan B, Sahin HG et al (2009) Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 280(4):559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Martínez-García MÁ, Gambineri A, Alpañés M, Sanchón R, Pasquali R, Escobar-Morreale HF (2012) Common variants in the sex hormone-binding globulin gene (SHBG) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Mediterranean women. Hum Reprod 27(12):3569–3576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Plate L, Capelli M (1990) Characterization of obese women with reduced sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations. Horm Metab Res 22(05):303–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, Steingold KA, Plymate SR, Rittmaster RS et al (1991) A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72(1):83–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cobin R, Futterweit W, Nestler J, Reaven G, Jellinger P, Handelsman Y et al (2005) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists position statement on metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Pract 11(2):125–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Thomson RL, Spedding S, Buckley JD (2012) Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 77(3):343–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Lindberg F, Hexeberg S, Moan J (2009) The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season. Anticancer Res 29(9):3713–3720

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mahmoudi T, Gourabi H, Ashrafi M, Yazdi RS, Ezabadi Z (2010) Calciotropic hormones, insulin resistance, and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 93(4):1208–1214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia-Lomban B, López-Sobaler A, Ortega R (2010) Associations between abdominal fat and body mass index on vitamin D status in a group of Spanish schoolchildren. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(5):461–467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wehr E, Pilz S, Schweighofer N, Giuliani A, Kopera D, Pieber T et al (2009) Association of hypovitaminosis D with metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 161(4):575–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ding C, Gao D, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C (2012) Vitamin D signalling in adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 108(11):1915–1923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jones G, Strugnell SA, DeLUCA HF (1998) Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 78(4):1193–1231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mahmoudi T (2009) Genetic variation in the vitamin D receptor and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. Fertil Steril 92(4):1381–1383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ranjzad F, Mahban A, Shemirani AI, Mahmoudi T, Vahedi M, Nikzamir A et al (2011) Influence of gene variants related to calcium homeostasis on biochemical parameters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 28(3):225–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wehr E, Trummer O, Giuliani A, Gruber H-J, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B (2011) Vitamin D-associated polymorphisms are related to insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 164(5):741–749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sørensen LB, Søe M, Halkier KH, Stigsby B, Astrup A (2012) Effects of increased dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratios in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 95(1):39–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M (2002) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc 102(11):1621–1630

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pasco J, Sanders K, Henry M, Nicholson G, Seeman E, Kotowicz M (2000) Calcium intakes among Australian women: geelong osteoporosis study. Intern Med J 30(1):21–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sharpe RM, Franks S (2002) Environment, lifestyle and infertility—an inter-generational issue. Nat Cell Biol 4(S1):S33–S40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Lord J, Moran LJ (2002) The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13(6):251–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Norman RJ, Noakes M, Wu R, Davies MJ, Moran L, Wang JX (2004) Improving reproductive performance in overweight/obese women with effective weight management. Hum Reprod Update 10(3):267–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Norman RJ, Masters SC, Hague W, Beng C, Pannall P, Wang JX (1995) Metabolic approaches to the subclassification of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 63(2):329–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Antonio M, Morselli L, Reho S et al (1994) Body fat distribution has weight-independent effects on clinical, hormonal, and metabolic features of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 43(6):706–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dunaif A, Xia J, Book C-B, Schenker E, Tang Z (1995) Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Investig 96(2):801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Ehrmann DA, Sturis J, Byrne MM, Karrison T, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS (1995) Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Investig 96(1):520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Berglund L, Lithell H (1994) Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78(5):1052–1058

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ciampelli M, Fulghesu A, Cucinelli F, Pavone V, Caruso A, Mancuso S et al (1997) Heterogeneity in beta cell activity, hepatic insulin clearance and peripheral insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 12(9):1897–1901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Jakubowicz DJ, Nestler JE (1997) 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone responses to leuprolide and serum androgens in obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome after dietary weight loss 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 82(2):556–560

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D et al (2000) Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(8):2767–2774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Moran L, Noakes M, Clifton P, Tomlinson L, Norman R (2003) Dietary composition in restoring reproductive and metabolic physiology in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(2):812–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hamilton-Fairley D, Kiddy D, Anyaoku V, Koistinen R, Seppälä M, Franks S (1993) Response of sex hormone binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 to an oral glucose tolerance test in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome before and after calorie restriction. Clin Endocrinol 39(3):363–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE et al (2001) Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(5):1930–1935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Orio F Jr, Palomba S, Cascella T, Milan G, Mioni R, Pagano C et al (2003) Adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(6):2619–2623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Andersen P, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Dale PO, Løvik A et al (1995) Increased insulin sensitivity and fibrinolytic capacity after dietary intervention in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 44(5):611–616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pasquali R, Fabbri R, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Antenucci D, Melchionda N (1986) Effect of weight loss and antiandrogenic therapy on sex hormone blood levels and insulin resistance in obese patients with polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154(1):139–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nestler JE, Barlascini CO, Matt DW, Steingold KA, Plymate SR, Clore JN et al (1989) Suppression of serum insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68(6):1027–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R et al (1989) Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68(1):173–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Van Dam EW, Roelfsema F, Veldhuis JD, Helmerhorst FM, Frölich M, Meinders AE et al (2002) Increase in daily LH secretion in response to short-term calorie restriction in obese women with PCOS. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 282(4):E865–E872

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hahn S, Haselhorst U, Tan S, Quadbeck B, Schmidt M, Roesler S et al (2006) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 114(10):577–583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Freundlich M, Quiroz Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Bravo Y, Weisinger JR et al (2008) Suppression of renin-angiotensin gene expression in the kidney by paricalcitol. Kidney Int 74(11):1394–1402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B (2007) The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(6):2017–2029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW, Saad MF (2004) Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 79(5):820–825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Isaia G, Giorgino R, Adami S (2001) High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in female type 2 diabetic population. Diabetes Care 24(8):1496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mason C, Tapsoba JDD, Duggan C, Imayama I, Wang C-Y, Korde LA et al (2016) Effects of vitamin D supplementation during weight loss on sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Menopause 23(6):645–652

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Lorvand AH, Agah S, Mousavi S, Hosseini A, Shidfar F (2016) Regression of Non-alcoholic fatty liver by vitamin D supplement: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Arch Iran Med 19(9):631–638

    Google Scholar 

  60. Marsh KA, Steinbeck KS, Atkinson FS, Petocz P, Brand-Miller JC (2010) Effect of a low glycemic index compared with a conventional healthy diet on polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 92(1):83–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Azadi-Yazdi M, Karimi-Zarchi M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Fallahzadeh H, Nadjarzadeh A (2016) Effects of Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet on androgens, antioxidant status and body composition in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Dietetics 30(3):275–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF (2000) Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72(3):690–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Del Valle HB, Yaktine AL, Taylor CL, Ross AC (2011) Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  64. Rayalam S, Della-Fera MA, Ambati S, Yang JY, Park HJ, Baile CA (2008) Enhanced effects of 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 plus genistein on adipogenesis and apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Obesity. 16(3):539–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, Duggan CR, Bain C, Foster-Schubert KE et al (2011) Effects of weight loss on serum vitamin D in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 94(1):95–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Rock CL, Emond JA, Flatt SW, Heath DD, Karanja N, Pakiz B et al (2012) Weight loss is associated with increased serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in overweight or obese women. Obesity 20(11):2296–2301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Crosignani PG, Colombo M, Vegetti W, Somigliana E, Gessati A, Ragni G (2003) Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries: parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology and fertility rate induced by diet. Hum Reprod 18(9):1928–1932

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Thys-Jacobs S, Donovan D, Papadopoulos A, Sarrel P, Bilezikian JP (1999) Vitamin D and calcium dysregulation in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Steroids 64(6):430–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Du H, Daftary GS, Lalwani SI, Taylor HS (2005) Direct regulation of HOXA10 by 1, 25-(OH) 2D3 in human myelomonocytic cells and human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Endocrinol 19(9):2222–2233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Halloran BP, Deluca HF (1980) Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat. J Nutr 110(8):1573–1580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kovacs CS, Woodland ML, Fudge NJ, Friel JK (2005) The vitamin D receptor is not required for fetal mineral homeostasis or for the regulation of placental calcium transfer in mice. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 289(1):E133–E144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Yoshizawa T, Handa Y, Uematsu Y, Takeda S, Sekine K, Yoshihara Y et al (1997) Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning. Nat Genet 16(4):391–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. De Felici M, Dolci S, Siracusa G (1991) An increase of intracellular free Ca2 + is essential for spontaneous meiotic resumption by mouse oocytes. J Exp Zool Part A: Ecol Genet Physiol 260(3):401–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Anagnostis P, Karras S, Goulis DG (2013) Vitamin D in human reproduction: a narrative review. Int J Clin Pract 67(3):225–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Das M, Djahanbakhch O, Hacihanefioglu B, Saridogan E, Ikram M, Ghali L et al (2008) Granulosa cell survival and proliferation are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(3):881–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Parikh G, Varadinova M, Suwandhi P, Araki T, Rosenwaks Z, Poretsky L et al (2010) Vitamin D regulates steroidogenesis and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) production in human ovarian cells. Horm Metab Res 42(10):754–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wehr E, Pieber T, Obermayer-Pietsch B (2011) Effect of vitamin D3 treatment on glucose metabolism and menstrual frequency in polycystic ovary syndrome women: a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest 34(10):757–763

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bonakdaran S, Khorasani ZM, Davachi B, Khorasani JM (2012) The effects of calcitriol on improvement of insulin resistance, ovulation and comparison with metformin therapy in PCOS patients: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med 10(5):465

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Selimoglu H, Duran C, Kiyici S, Ersoy C, Guclu M, Ozkaya G et al (2010) The effect of vitamin D replacement therapy on insulin resistance and androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 33(4):234–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Raja-Khan N, Shah J, Stetter CM, Lott ME, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC et al (2014) High-dose vitamin D supplementation and measures of insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Fertil Steril 101(6):1740–1746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the women that participated in the present study. This study was done as a MS thesis in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    S. Jafari-Sfidvajani & A. Nadjarzadeh

  2. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    S. Jafari-Sfidvajani, H. Mozaffari-Khosravi & A. Nadjarzadeh

  3. Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

    R. Ahangari

  4. Nutritional Community Medicine Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

    M. Hozoori

  5. Diabetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    H. Mozaffari-Khosravi

  6. Research Center for Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-communicable Disease, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    H. Fallahzadeh

Authors
  1. S. Jafari-Sfidvajani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Ahangari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Hozoori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. Mozaffari-Khosravi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. H. Fallahzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. Nadjarzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Nadjarzadeh.

Ethics declarations

Funding

Financial support for this study was provided by Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Ethical approval

This research conducted according to Helsinki statement and the protocol was approved by Ethics Committee in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

Informed consent

All participants completed written informed consent.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jafari-Sfidvajani, S., Ahangari, R., Hozoori, M. et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation in combination with low-calorie diet on anthropometric indices and androgen hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Endocrinol Invest 41, 597–607 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0785-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0785-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation