Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Recently, aging has been shown to be associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO), of which decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass are features. Sarcopenia and obesity alone are known to be associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether SO has greater adverse effects on dyslipidemia than on sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Aim

We aimed to investigate the association between SO and dyslipidemia in elderly Koreans.

Subjects and methods

This study was based on data collected during the 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We included 1,466 men and 2,017 women aged 65 years and over. Sarcopenia was indicated in participants with height- or weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle that was 1 standard deviation below the sex-specific mean for the young reference group, and obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, the SO group had a higher risk for dyslipidemia [odds ratio (OR) 2.82 (95 % confidence interval 1.76–4.51)] than the obese group [2.12 (1.11–4.07)] and sarcopenic group [1.46 (1.01–2.11)] (p < 0.001) only in men. Furthermore, the SO group in men had the highest OR for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and a high ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol even after further adjustments.

Conclusions

In Korean elderly men, SO was associated with an increased risk for dyslipidemia compared with sarcopenia or obesity alone.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ASM:

Appendicular skeletal muscle

BMI:

Body mass index

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

FBG:

Fasting blood glucose

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HOMA-IR:

Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance

Ht:

Height

KNHANES:

Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

SO:

Sarcopenic obesity

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

WC:

Waist circumference

Wt:

Weight

References

  1. Lim S, Park KS, Lee HK, Cho SI (2005) Changes in the characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korea over the period 1998–2001 as determined by Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Diabetes Care 28:1810–1812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yamada M, Wong FL, Kodama K et al (1997) Longitudinal trends in total serum cholesterol levels in a Japanese cohort, 1958–1986. J Clin Epidemiol 50:425–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V (2008) Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:388–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baumgartner RN (2000) Body composition in healthy aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:437–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim TN, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ et al (2009) Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obes (Lond) 33:885–892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lim S, Kim JH, Yoon JW et al (2010) Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care 33:1652–1654

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Roubenoff R (2000) Sarcopenic obesity: does muscle loss cause fat gain? Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:553–557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lu CW, Yang KC, Chang HH et al (2013) Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes Res Clin Pract 7:e301–e307

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kim JH, Hwang Bo Y, Hong ES et al (2010) Investigation of sarcopenia and its association with cardio metabolic risk factors in elderly subjects. J Korean Geriatr Soc 14:121–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Stephen WC, Janssen I (2009) Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 13:460–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Park H, Kim K (2012) Association of alcohol consumption with lipid profile in hypertensive men. Alcohol 47:282–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hanak V, Munoz J, Teague J, Stanley A Jr, Bittner V (2004) Accuracy of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for prediction of the low-density lipoprotein phenotype B. Am J Cardiol 94:219–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Natarajan S, Glick H, Criqui M et al (2003) Cholesterol measures to identify and treat individuals at risk for coronary heart disease. Am J Prev Med 25:50–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:412–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stern MP (1997) The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 20:1087–1092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee SY, Park HS, Kim DJ et al (2007) Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 75:72–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D et al (1998) Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147:755–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R (2002) Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:889–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Weisell RC (2002) Body mass index as an indicator of obesity. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11(Suppl 8):S681–S684

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee MH, Kim HC, Ahn SV et al (2012) Prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998–2005. Diabetes Metab J 36:43–55

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tóth PP, Potter D, Ming EE (2012) Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. J Clin Lipidol 6:325–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E et al (2007) Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol 102:919–925

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Goodpaster BH, Brown NF (2005) Skeletal muscle lipid and its association with insulin resistance: what is the role for exercise? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33:150–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reaven GM (1997) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. 1988. Nutrition 13:65 discussion 4, 6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Savage DB et al (2007) The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:12587–12594

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M et al (2003) Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:1602–1609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim YS, Lee Y, Chung YS et al (2012) Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the Korean population based on the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67:1107–1113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 39:412–423

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors S. J. Baek, G. E. Nam, K. D. Han, S. W. Choi, S. W. Jung, A. R. Bok, Y. H. Kim, K. S. Lee, B. D. Han, and D. H. Kim declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 516 Gojan-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, South Korea

    D. H. Kim

  2. Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    S. J. Baek, G. E. Nam, S. W. Choi, S. W. Jung, A. R. Bok, Y. H. Kim, B. D. Han & D. H. Kim

  3. Department of Family Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, 1142, 1126-1 Sanbon-dong, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, 435-040, South Korea

    K. S. Lee

  4. Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    K. D. Han

Authors
  1. S. J. Baek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. E. Nam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. D. Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. W. Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. W. Jung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. R. Bok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Y. H. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. K. S. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. B. D. Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. D. H. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. H. Kim.

Additional information

S. J. Baek and G. E. Nam authors contributed equally to this work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Baek, S.J., Nam, G.E., Han, K.D. et al. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Endocrinol Invest 37, 247–260 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-013-0011-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-013-0011-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation