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Faith, Family, and Social Networks: Effective Strategies for Recruiting Brazilian Immigrants in Maternal and Child Health Research

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Abstract

Participation of racial/ethnic minority and immigrant populations in research studies is essential to understand and address health disparities. Nonetheless, these populations are often underrepresented in research because of limited participation that may be due to barriers to participation such as fear and mistrust of research, lack of or limited access to healthcare and social services, time and employment constraints, participation-associated costs (e.g., travel costs), language barriers, undocumented status, and cultural differences. Brazilians comprise a rapidly growing immigrant population group in the United States (US), and there is a need to identify and understand factors affecting the health status of Brazilian immigrants that are amenable to intervention. Therefore, this paper presents effective strategies and lessons learned from outreach and recruiting Brazilian immigrants living in the US to enroll in maternal and child health research studies. Using a data recruitment log, we collected quantitative and qualitative data on recruitment strategies that were employed to recruit pregnant women and parents into six health research studies. Direct recruitment strategies included personal contacts of research staff and recruiting partners, and on-site, in-person outreach and recruitment at faith- and community-based events (e.g., meeting participants after church services, at faith-based community events), and private and social events (e.g., household parties) conducted by bilingual, bicultural research assistants who were members of the priority population. We also used snowball sampling as a recruitment strategy by asking enrolled participants to share information about our studies and encourage their family and friends to participate. Indirect recruitment methods included posting flyers at local businesses, social service agencies, faith-based and healthcare organizations, and posting announcements on social media (Facebook). Direct recruitment methods in combination with snowball sampling were the most successful strategies for recruiting Brazilian immigrant parents, while social media was an effective indirect method for recruiting first-time pregnant women. In addition, analyses of qualitative data found that research staff’s understanding of the sociocultural context of the target population combined with the use of linguistically and culturally sensitive recruitment strategies tailored to meet the needs of Brazilian immigrants was important for overcoming barriers to participation and facilitating successful recruitment and enrollment of participants. Study findings provide information on a suite of effective strategies and lessons learned for reaching, recruiting, and enrolling Brazilian immigrants in maternal and child health research. Future studies should continue to purposefully collect information on recruitment strategies and disseminate the findings, which will be instrumental in researchers’ efforts to increase participation of ethnic minority and immigrant populations such as Brazilians in health research.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Brazilian immigrants who participated in these studies and are also grateful to the extensive support provided by the several faith-based organizations that collaborated with our research team in the implementation of studies with Brazilian immigrant families. In addition, the authors are thankful to the unique support provided by our Brazilian recruiting partners, as well as community-based agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island for support in data collection. Additional details of acknowledgment of funding for the studies included in this publication can be found elsewhere [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40].

Funding

Gabriela De Andrade participated in research included in this paper as part of a summer internship awarded by the UMass Boston–Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Partnership for Advancing Cancer Health Equity funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI – 2U54CA156734-06A1). Mariana Gonçalves de Oliveira (Post-Doctorate Abroad, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, CNPq) and Gabriela Vasconcellos de Barros Vianna (Doctoral Program Abroad, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) participated in research included in this paper as part of a 6-month academic exchange scholarship funded by the Brazilian government under the supervision of Ana Cristina Lindsay at the University of Massachusetts Boston. The six research studies presented in this paper were supported in part by the Joseph P. Healey Research Grant, University of Massachusetts Boston and the Aetna Foundation Inc. (Ana Cristina Lindsay, Principal Investigator).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA

    Ana Cristina Lindsay, Luísa M. Rabello, Amanda De Sá Melo Alves & Gabriela P. De Andrade

  2. School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Sherrie F. Wallington

  3. Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Carlos André Moura Arruda & Márcia M. T. Machado

  4. Biology Department, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA

    Thaís C. Rocha

  5. Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Gabriela V.B. Vianna, Raquel de Souza Mezzavilla & Maria Helena Hasselmann

  6. School of Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Mariana Gonçalves de Oliveira

  7. Department of Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Mary L. Greaney

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  1. Ana Cristina Lindsay
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Lindsay, A.C., Wallington, S.F., Rabello, L.M. et al. Faith, Family, and Social Networks: Effective Strategies for Recruiting Brazilian Immigrants in Maternal and Child Health Research. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 8, 47–59 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00753-3

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