Abstract
We report the activation energy, ΔEa, for the quantum yield in thermally assisted photoelectron emission (TAPE) under 210-nm-wavelength light irradiation, and the associated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. Samples were cleaned only in acetone and scratched in air, water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and cyclohexane. Glow curves, describing the temperature dependence of photoelectron emission (PE) quantum yield (emitted electrons/photon), Y, were obtained. A simple method of determining ΔEa using Y, called Y GC , at seven temperatures up to 353 °C, for the same Y glow curve, was proposed. The ΔEa obtained using this method was almost the same as that obtained from Y for seven stationary temperatures (Y ST ). For scratched samples, the TAPE was measured over two cycles of temperature increase and subsequent decrease (Up1, Down1 and Up2, Down2 scans) in the 25–339 °C range, and ΔEa was obtained from Y GC . The Arrhenius plot was approximated by a straight line, although a convex swelling peak appeared in the Up1 scan. ΔEaUp1 was in the 0.212–0.035 eV range, depending on the environment in which scratching was performed; ΔEaUp1 for water was much higher than that for acetone. This was explained in terms of the mode of the acid–base interaction between the liquid molecules and the hydroxyl group of Fe–OH. The values of ΔEaDown1, ΔEaUp1, and ΔEaDown2 were in the 0.038–0.012 eV range. The total count of electrons emitted during the Up1 and Up2 scans was found to decrease with increasing ΔEaDown1 and ΔEaDown2, respectively. ΔEaUp2 was found to increase with increasing presence of the FeO component in the analyzed Fe oxides. The convex swelling peak was attributed to the removal of carbon materials from the scratched surface and the effect of the increased electron density of the surface hydroxyl group of FeOH under the light irradiation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Spicer W E. Surface analysis by means of photoemission and other photon-stimulated processes. In Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces. Vanselow R, Tong S Y, Ed. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1977: 235–254.
Fowler R H. The analysis of photoelectric sensitivity curves for clean metals at various temperatures. Phys Rev 38: 45–56 (1931)
DuBridge L A. A further experimental test of Fowler’s theory of photoelectric emission. Phys Rev 39: 108–118 (1932)
DuBridge L A. New Theories of the Photoelectric Effect. Paris: Hermann and Cie, 1935.
Momose Y, Suzuki D, Sakurai T, Nakayama K. Influence of temperature and photon energy on quantum yield of photoemission from real iron surfaces. Appl Phys A 117: 1525–1534 (2014)
Momose Y, Suzuki D, Sakurai T, Nakayama K. Photoemission from real iron surfaces and its relationship to light penetration of the overlayer. Appl Phys A 118: 637–647 (2015)
Momose Y, Tsuruya K, Sakurai T, Nakayama K. Photoelectron emission and XPS studies of real iron surfaces subjected to scratching in air, water, and organic liquids. Sur Interface Anal 48: 202–211 (2016)
Hesse R, Chasse T, Szargan R. Peak shape analysis of core level photoelectron spectra using UNIFIT for WINDOWS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 365: 48–54 (1999)
Gutmann V. Ion pairing and outer sphere effect. Chimia 31: 1–7 (1977)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton affinity (data page), Source: Jolly W L. Modern Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, [Accessed 12 June 2015].
Bolger J C, Michaels A S. Molecular structure and electrostatic interactions at polymer-solid interfaces. In Interface Conversion for Polymer Coatings. Weiss P, Cheever G D, Eds. New York: Elsevier, 1968: 3–60.
Huheey J E. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 3rd ed. Harper & Row: New York, 1983.Japanese translation by Kodama G, Nakazawa H. Tokyo Kagaku Dojin: Tokyo, 1984, 340–341 (in Japanese).
Momose Y, Ishii T, Namekawa T. Exoelectron emission from aluminum under the influence of applied electric potential and stimulating light, and its dependence on surface-polar organic interaction. J Phys Chem 84: 2906–2913 (1980)
Grosvenor A P, Kobe B A, McIntyre N S. Studies of the oxidation of iron by water vapour using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and QUASES. Surf Sci 572: 217–227 (2004)
Conder K. Electronic and ionic conductivity in metal oxides. Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, pp. 1–44, [Accessed 27 May 2015].
Roosendaal S J, Vredenberg A M, Habraken F H P M. Oxidation of iron: the relation between oxidation kinetics and oxide electronic structure. Phys Rev Lett 84: 3366–3369 (2000)
Xue M, Wang S, Wu K, Guo J, Guo Q. Surface structural evolution in iron oxide thin films. Langmuir 27 (1): 11–14 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for supporting this work through a grant in aid.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Yoshihiro MOMOSE. He is a professor emeritus of Ibaraki University, Japan. He received his bachelor and master degrees in chemistry in 1963 and 1965, respectively, from Tohoku University, Japan. He joined the faculty of Chemical Research Institute of Non-aqueous Solutions, Tohoku University. He earned his PhD degree in 1970 from Tohoku University. After that he worked in the Department of Engineering Chemistry and Materials Science at Ibaraki University as an associate professor and then a professor from 1970 to 2006. His main research interest focuses on the transfer of charge and electrons on the real surfaces in the fields such as tribochemistry, adhesion, and corrosion.
Takao SAKURAI. He received his M.S. and PhD degrees in applied physics from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, in 1969 and 1973, respectively. His current position is an emeritus professor of Ashikaga Institute of Technology. His research interests include curve analyses in the field of thermally stimulated relaxation processes.
Keiji NAKAYAMA. He is the president of the Institute of Mesotechnology, Japan. He received his master and PhD degrees in chemical engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, in 1971 and 1974, respectively. He joined to the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (MEL), AIST, MITI, Japan in 1974. After studying in the field of tribology as a researcher, a senior researcher, and the head of division in MEL, he worked as a professor in the Advanced Research Institute, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan from 2008 to 2014. He is in the current position since 2014. His main research interest focuses on the basic and application studies of the triboelectromagnetic phenomena, which embrace triboplasma generation, triboemission of charged particles and photons, and tribocharging.
Rights and permissions
Open Access: The articles published in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Momose, Y., Suzuki, D., Tsuruya, K. et al. Transfer of electrons on scratched iron surfaces: Photoelectron emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. Friction 6, 98–115 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0169-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0169-3