Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing and Treating Insomnia Related to Alcohol Use Disorders

  • Alcohol (RF Leeman, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Addiction Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Insomnia is a frequent complaint and may persist despite abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The association of insomnia with relapse and suicidal behaviors underlies the importance of proper assessment and treatment, which is the focus of this review. Contributory factors to insomnia in AUD patients include premorbid insomnia; effects of alcohol on sleep regulatory systems; co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and other sleep disorders; other substances and medications; stress; environmental factors: and suboptimal sleep hygiene. Polysomnography is recommended to rule out other sleep disorders (e.g., sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder) when suggested by history or treatment-resistant insomnia. Sleep will improve in most patients with sobriety, which remains the first line of treatment. Nevertheless, insomnia may also be thought of as a comorbid disorder with AUDs, requiring its own treatment for many patients. Randomized controlled studies support efficacy with behavioral therapies and medications. Melatonin agonists as well as sedating antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics are potentially effective and non-addictive.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Moderate-to-severe AUD is a DSM-5 diagnosis roughly equivalent to DSM-IV alcohol dependence. AUD will be used in this article to denote both moderate-to-severe AUD and DSM-IV alcohol dependence as most studies were conducted prior to DSM-5.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brower KJ. Assessment and treatment of insomnia in adult patients with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol. 2015;49(4):417–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wallen GR, Brooks AT, Whiting B, et al. The prevalence of sleep disturbance in alcoholics admitted for treatment: a target for chronic disease management. Family Commun Health. 2014;37(4):288–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hartwell EE, Bujarski S, Glasner-Edwards S, Ray LA. The association of alcohol severity and sleep quality in problem drinkers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50(5):536–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brower KJ, Wojnar M, Sliwerska E, Armitage R, Burmeister M. PER3 polymorphism and insomnia severity in alcohol dependence. Sleep. 2012;35(4):571–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Conroy DA, Arnedt JT, Brower KJ. Effects of a 3-hour sleep delay on sleep homeostasis in alcohol dependent adults. Sleep. 2012;35(2):273–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Thakkar MM, Sharma R, Sahota P. Alcohol disrupts sleep homeostasis. Alcohol. 2015;49(4):299–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Conroy DA, Hairston IS, Arnedt JT, Hoffmann RF, Armitage R, Brower KJ. Dim light melatonin onset in alcohol-dependent men and women compared with healthy controls. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(1):35–42.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wong MM, Brower KJ, Fitzgerald HE, Zucker RA. Sleep problems in early childhood and early onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(4):578–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Brower KJ. Alcohol’s effects on sleep in alcoholics. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25:110–25.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Brower KJ, Perron BE. Prevalence and correlates of withdrawal-related insomnia among adults with alcohol dependence: results from a national survey. Am J Addict. 2010;19(3):238–44.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC. Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked? Addict Biol. 2010;15(2):169–84.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brower KJ, Krentzman A, Robinson EA. Persistent insomnia, abstinence, and moderate drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals. Am J Addict. 2011;20(5):435–40.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Drummond SP, Gillin JC, Smith TL, DeModena A. The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: natural course and relationship to relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(8):1796–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Williams HL, Rundell OH. Altered sleep physiology in chronic alcoholics: reversal with abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1981;2:318–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Brower KJ. Insomnia, alcoholism and relapse. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(6):523–39. A review of the prevalence and correlates of comorbid insomnia and alcohol use disorders as well as an in-depth review of studies linking insomnia to relapse as known at that time.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Conroy DA, Arnedt JT, Brower KJ, et al. Perception of sleep in recovering alcohol-dependent patients with insomnia: relationship with future drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(12):1992–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Feige B, Scaal S, Hornyak M, Gann H, Riemann D. Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(1):19–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Malcolm R, Myrick LH, Veatch LM, Boyle E, Randall PK. Self-reported sleep, sleepiness, and repeated alcohol withdrawals: a randomized, double blind, controlled comparison of lorazepam vs gabapentin. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(1):24–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Smith N, Hill R, Marshall J, Keaney F, Wanigaratne S. Sleep related beliefs and their association with alcohol relapse following residential alcohol detoxification treatment. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2014;42(5):593–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kolla BP, Schneekloth T, Mansukhani MP, et al. The association between sleep disturbances and alcohol relapse: a 12-month observational cohort study. Am J Addict. 2015;24(4):362–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fortier-Brochu E, Morin CM. Cognitive impairment in individuals with insomnia: clinical significance and correlates. Sleep. 2014;37(11):1787–98.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Klimkiewicz A, Bohnert AS, Jakubczyk A, Ilgen MA, Wojnar M, Brower K. The association between insomnia and suicidal thoughts in adults treated for alcohol dependence in Poland. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122(1–2):160–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chakravorty S, Grandner MA, Mavandadi S, Perlis ML, Sturgis EB, Oslin DW. Suicidal ideation in veterans misusing alcohol: relationships with insomnia symptoms and sleep duration. Addict Behav. 2014;39(2):399–405.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bernert RA, Kim JS, Iwata NG, Perlis ML. Sleep disturbances as an evidence-based suicide risk factor. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(3):554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nadorff MR, Salem T, Winer ES, Lamis DA, Nazem S, Berman ME. Explaining alcohol use and suicide risk: a moderated mediation model involving insomnia symptoms and gender. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(12):1317–23.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Currie SR, Clark S, Rimac S, Malhotra S. Comprehensive assessment of insomnia in recovering alcoholics using daily sleep diaries and ambulatory monitoring. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27(8):1262–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhabenko N, Wojnar M, Brower KJ. Prevalence and correlates of insomnia in a Polish sample of alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(9):1600–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gildner TE, Liebert MA, Kowal P, Chatterji S, Snodgrass JJ. Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive test performance among older adults from six middle income countries: results from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(6):613–21.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lo JC, Loh KK, Zheng H, Sim SK, Chee MW. Sleep duration and age-related changes in brain structure and cognitive performance. Sleep. 2014;37(7):1171–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kurina LM, McClintock MK, Chen JH, Waite LJ, Thisted RA, Lauderdale DS. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a critical review of measurement and associations. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(6):361–70.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Xiao Q, Keadle SK, Hollenbeck AR, Matthews CE. Sleep duration and total and cause-specific mortality in a large US cohort: interrelationships with physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body mass index. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(10):997–1006.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Brower KJ, Aldrich M, Robinson EAR, Zucker RA, Greden JF. Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:399–404.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Crum RM, Storr CL, Chan YF, Ford DE. Sleep disturbance and risk for alcohol-related problems. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(7):1197–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wong MM, Brower KJ, Nigg JT, Zucker RA. Childhood sleep problems, response inhibition, and alcohol and drug outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010.

  36. Hasler BP, Martin CS, Wood DS, Rosario B, Clark DB. A longitudinal study of insomnia and other sleep complaints in adolescents with and without alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(8):2225–33. A large (N = 696) longitudinal study (5 years) showing increased insomnia in adolescents (ages 12–19) with AUDs and how baseline sleep characteristics prospectively predicted an increase in symptomatic alcohol use.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Reite M, Weissberg M, Ruddy J. Clinical manual for evaluation and management of sleep disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gann H, Feige B, Fasihi S, van Calker D, Voderholzer U, Riemann D. Periodic limb movements during sleep in alcohol dependent patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252(3):124–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Aldrich MS, Brower KJ, Hall JM. Sleep-disordered breathing in alcoholics. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(1):134–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ohayon MM, Mahowald MW, Dauvilliers Y, Krystal AD, Leger D. Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U.S. adult general population. Neurology. 2012;78(20):1583–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep. 2012;35(2):287–302.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Conroy D, Arnedt JT. Sleep and substance use disorders: an update. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(10):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Garcia AN, Salloum IM. Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: a focused review. Am J Addict. 2015.

  46. Conroy DA, Brower KJ. Alcohol, toxins, and medications as a cause of sleep dysfunction. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;98:587–612.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yang C, White DP, Winkelman JW. Antidepressants and periodic leg movements of sleep. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(6):510–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Armitage R. The effects of antidepressants on sleep in patients with depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45(9):803–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chaudhary NS, Kampman KM, Kranzler HR, Grandner MA, Debbarma S, Chakravorty S. Insomnia in alcohol dependent subjects is associated with greater psychosocial problem severity. Addict Behav. 2015;50:165–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Levenson JC, Kay DB, Buysse DJ. The pathophysiology of insomnia. Chest. 2015;147(4):1179–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bastien CH, Vallieres, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2:297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. The diagnostic validity of the Athens Insomnia Scale. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(3):263–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Roth T. Does effective management of sleep disorders reduce substance dependence? Drugs. 2009;69 Suppl 2:65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(3):215–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Brooks AT, Wallen GR. Sleep disturbances in individuals with alcohol-related disorders: a review of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and associated non-pharmacological therapies. Subst Abuse Res Treat. 2014;8:55–62. Comprehensive review and rating of behavioral therapy studies for insomnia in AUD patients, including CBT-I and progressive relaxation training.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kaplan KA, McQuaid J, Batki SL, Rosenlicht N. Behavioral treatment of insomnia in early recovery. J Addict Med. 2014;8(6):395–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(3):191–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Morin CM, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Ivers H, et al. Speed and trajectory of changes of insomnia symptoms during acute treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication. Sleep Med. 2014;15(6):701–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Friedmann PD, Rose JS, Swift R, Stout RL, Millman RP, Stein MD. Trazodone for sleep disturbance after alcohol detoxification: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(9):1652–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Currie SR, Clark S, Hodgins DC, El-Guebaly N. Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive–behavioural interventions for insomnia in recovering alcoholics. Addiction. 2004;99(9):1121–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Arnedt JT, Conroy DA, Armitage R, Brower KJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in alcohol dependent patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(4):227–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yang CM, Spielman AJ, Glovinsky P. Nonpharmacologic strategies in the management of insomnia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2006. 29(4):895–919. abstract viii.

  64. Smith N, Hill R, Marshall J, Keaney F, Wanigaratne S. Sleep related beliefs and their association with alcohol relapse following residential alcohol detoxification treatment. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2013:1–12.

  65. Greeff AP, Conradie WS. Use of progressive relaxation training for chronic alcoholics with insomnia. Psychol Rep. 1998;82:407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Schneekloth T. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in alcohol recovery: a systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46(5):578–85. Includes several studies not reviewed here.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kaplan KA, McQuaid J, Primich C, Rosenlicht N. An evidence-based review of insomnia treatment in early recovery. J Addict Med. 2014;8(6):389–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Brower KJ, Myra Kim H, Strobbe S, Karam-Hage MA, Consens F, Zucker RA. A randomized double-blind pilot trial of gabapentin versus placebo to treat alcohol dependence and comorbid insomnia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32:1429–38.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Trevisan LA, Ralevski E, Keegan K, et al. Alcohol detoxification and relapse prevention using valproic acid versus gabapentin in alcohol-dependent patients. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2008;7(3):119–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Anton RF, Myrick H, Baros AM, et al. Efficacy of a combination of flumazenil and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence: relationship to alcohol withdrawal symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(4):334–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Anton RF, Myrick H, Wright TM, et al. Gabapentin combined with naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(7):709–17.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mason BJ, Quello S, Goodell V, Shadan F, Kyle M, Begovic A. Gabapentin treatment for alcohol dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(1):70–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Le Bon O, Murphy JR, Staner L, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(4):377–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Litten RZ, Fertig JB, Falk DE, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of quetiapine fumarate XR in very heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(3):406–16.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Chakravorty S, Hanlon AL, Kuna ST, et al. The effects of quetiapine on sleep in recovering alcohol-dependent subjects: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(3):350–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Staner L, Boeijinga P, Danel T, et al. Effects of acamprosate on sleep during alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind placebo-controlled polysomnographic study in alcohol-dependent subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(9):1492–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Perney P, Lehert P, Mason BJ. Sleep disturbance in alcoholism: proposal of a simple measurement, and results from a 24-week randomized controlled study of alcohol-dependent patients assessing acamprosate efficacy. Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47(2):133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al. Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1188–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Simpson TL, Malte CA, Dietel B, et al. A pilot trial of prazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, for comorbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(5):808–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kuriyama A, Honda M, Hayashino Y. Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2014;15(4):385–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kishi T, Matsunaga S, Iwata N. Suvorexant for primary insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136910.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. McCall C, McCall WV. What is the role of sedating antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants in the management of insomnia? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(5):494–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Leach MJ, Page AT. Herbal medicine for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;24C:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW. Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 9:31–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Roehrs T, Roth T. Insomnia pharmacotherapy. Neurother J Am Soc Exp Neurother. 2012;9(4):728–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mueller TI, Pagano ME, Rodriguez BF, Bruce SE, Stout RL, Keller MB. Long-term use of benzodiazepines in participants with comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29(8):1411–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63773.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hasler BP, Smith LJ, Cousins JC, Bootzin RR. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and substance abuse. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16(1):67–81. Reviews the bidirectional relationship between circadian rhythms and sleep in substance users, including the role of circadian rhythms in reward regulation.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Brower KJ, Conroy DA, Kurth ME, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Ramelteon and improved insomnia in alcohol-dependent patients: a case series. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(3):274–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Grosshans M, Mutschler J, Luderer M, Mann K, Kiefer F. Agomelatine is effective in reducing insomnia in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(1):6–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Freiesleben SD, Furczyk K. A systematic review of agomelatine-induced liver injury. J Mol Psychiatry. 2015;3(1):4.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yeung WF, Chung KF, Yung KP, Ng TH. Doxepin for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;19:75–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. de Bejczy A, Soderpalm B. The effects of mirtazapine versus placebo on alcohol consumption in male high consumers of alcohol: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(1):43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yoon SJ, Pae CU, Kim DJ, et al. Mirtazapine for patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid depressive disorders: a multicentre, open label study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(7):1196–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Friedmann PD, Herman DS, Freedman S, Lemon SC, Ramsey S, Stein MD. Treatment of sleep disturbance in alcohol recovery: a national survey of addiction medicine physicians. J Addict Dis. 2003;22(2):91–103.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Umhau JC, Schwandt ML, Usala J, et al. Pharmacologically induced alcohol craving in treatment seeking alcoholics correlates with alcoholism severity, but is insensitive to acamprosate. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(6):1178–86.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Monnelly EP, Locastro JS, Gagnon D, Young M, Fiore LD. Quetiapine versus trazodone in reducing rehospitalization for alcohol dependence: a large data-base study. J Addict Med. 2008;2(3):128–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kolla BP, Schneekloth TD, Biernacka JM, et al. Trazodone and alcohol relapse: a retrospective study following residential treatment. Am J Addict. 2011;20(6):525–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Khoo SY, Brown RM. Orexin/hypocretin based pharmacotherapies for the treatment of addiction: DORA or SORA? CNS Drugs. 2014;28(8):713–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Coe HV, Hong IS. Safety of low doses of quetiapine when used for insomnia. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(5):718–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kalk NJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. The clinical pharmacology of acamprosate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(2):315–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Seda G, Sanchez-Ortuno MM, Welsh CH, Halbower AC, Edinger JD. Comparative meta-analysis of prazosin and imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(1):11–22.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Fox HC, Anderson GM, Tuit K, et al. Prazosin effects on stress- and cue-induced craving and stress response in alcohol-dependent individuals: preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(2):351–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Simpson TL, Saxon AJ, Meredith CW, et al. A pilot trial of the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(2):255–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan Addiction Treatment Services, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5767, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA

    Kirk J. Brower

Authors
  1. Kirk J. Brower
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kirk J. Brower.

Ethics declarations

All cited references to studies conducted by Dr. Brower were approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board(s) and complied with ethics guidelines.

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Brower reports grants from NIH, outside the submitted work.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All cited references to studies conducted by Dr. Brower were approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board(s), and written and signed informed consent was included for voluntary participation.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Alcohol

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brower, K.J. Assessing and Treating Insomnia Related to Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Addict Rep 3, 98–108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0083-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0083-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation