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Flooding tolerance in plants: from physiological and molecular perspectives

  • Biochemistry & Physiology - Review Article
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Abstract

Submergence stress due to increased rainfalls is an agricultural problem in many areas in the world. Complete or partial submergence leads to an array of morphological, physiological and molecular changes in plants, which adversely affect plant growth and development and may lead to a drastic reduction in grain yield of many crops. The adverse effects of submergence stress can be mitigated by developing crop plants with improved submergence tolerance using various physiological and molecular approaches. For this purpose, a thorough understanding of physiological and molecular responses of plants, for improving crop to submergence, is imperative. Submergence stress affects plant growth at any developmental stage, though the impact of stress depends on the duration of submergence and species or genotype. At earlier stages, submergence stress mostly affects shoot growth, leaf area, plant–water contents and photosynthesis, while at later stages, it may adversely disturb the redox and molecular activity of plants. Furthermore, early senescence, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and imbalance in molecular mechanisms constitute the major plant responses to submergence stress. In order to cope with submergence stress, plants execute various mechanisms, including decrease in transpiration rate, increase in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, scavenging of ROS, production of antioxidants and activation of Ca2+ fluxes and subsequent protein phosphorylation. Potential molecular strategies are needed to improve plant submergence stress tolerance, including traditional and modern molecular breeding protocols and transgenic approaches.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China

    Nasrullah

  2. College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong Province, China

    Shahid Ali

  3. Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China

    Muhammad Umar

  4. Institute of Citrus Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Taizhou, 318026, China

    Lifang Sun

  5. National Center for Citrus Variety Improvement, Zhejiang Branch, Taizhou, 318026, China

    Lifang Sun

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Naeem

  7. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Humaira Yasmin

  8. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Naeem Khan

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N and NK conceived the idea and wrote the initial draft. SA and NK drew the diagrams; MN, MU, LS and HY reviewed and edited the paper.

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Nasrullah, Ali, S., Umar, M. et al. Flooding tolerance in plants: from physiological and molecular perspectives. Braz. J. Bot 45, 1161–1176 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-022-00841-0

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