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Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of 10,940,801 Children and Adolescents Between 1960 and 2017

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Abstract

Background

The standing broad jump (SBJ) is an excellent functional measure of explosive lower-body strength that is significantly related to health among children and adolescents.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to estimate national (country-level) and international (pooled global data) temporal trends in SBJ performance for children and adolescents, and to examine the relationships between national trends in SBJ performance and national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Methods

Data were obtained from a systematic search of studies reporting temporal trends in SBJ performance for 9- to 17-year-olds, and by examining national fitness datasets. Sample-weighted regression models estimated trends at the study/dataset-country-sex-age level, with national and international trends estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Pearson’s correlations quantified relationships between national trends in SBJ performance and national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Results

Data from 34 studies/datasets were extracted to estimate trends for 10,940,801 children and adolescents from 24 high-, 4 upper-middle-, and 1 low-income countries between 1960 and 2017. Collectively, there was a negligible (per decade) improvement in SBJ performance of 1.73 cm (95% CI 1.71–1.75), 0.99% (95% CI 0.97–1.01) or a standardized effect size of 0.07 (0.07–0.07) over the entire period, with the rate of improvement steady from the 1960s to the 1980s, slowing in the 1990s, before declining. Sex- and age-related temporal differences were negligible. Trends differed between countries, with most countries experiencing declines. National trends in SBJ performance were not significantly related to national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Conclusions

SBJ performance of children and adolescents has declined since 2000 (at least among most of the countries in this analysis) and is suggestive of a modern decline in functional explosive lower-body strength. Growing recognition of the importance of muscular fitness as a marker of population health highlights the need for continued tracking of temporal trends in SBJ, especially among low- and lower-middle-income countries for which temporal data are lacking.

PROSPERO Registration Number

CRD42013003657.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank: (a) the authors of the included studies for generously clarifying details of their studies and/or for providing additional data; (b) Dr. Yang Liu, Dr. Tetsuhiro Kidokoro, Dr. Shingo Noi, Dr. Koya Suzuki, Dr. Dae-Yeon Kim, Dr. Gregor Jurak and Dr. Gregor Starc for their assistance with national fitness surveillance data from China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Slovenia, respectively; and (c) Dr. Bruce Brown for his assistance with mathematical typesetting.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA

    Grant R. Tomkinson, Tori Kaster, Faith L. Dooley & John S. Fitzgerald

  2. Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Grant R. Tomkinson, Madison Annandale & Katia Ferrar

  3. Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Justin J. Lang

  4. Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Justin J. Lang

  5. Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

    Jordan J. Smith

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  1. Grant R. Tomkinson
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Correspondence to Grant R. Tomkinson.

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Conflict of interest

Grant R. Tomkinson, Tori Kaster, Faith L. Dooley, John S. Fitzgerald, Madison Annandale, Katia Ferrar, Justin J. Lang, and Jordan J. Smith declare they have no conflicts of interest.

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No funding was received for this project.

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The datasets analyzed in this review are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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GRT developed the research question and designed the study. GRT, TK and FLD designed the systematic review strategy, had full access to the data, and take responsibility for the integrity of the data. GRT led the statistical analysis, synthesis of results and drafted the initial manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results, editing and critical reviewing of the final manuscript, approved the final manuscript as submitted, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

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Tomkinson, G.R., Kaster, T., Dooley, F.L. et al. Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of 10,940,801 Children and Adolescents Between 1960 and 2017. Sports Med 51, 531–548 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01394-6

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