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Adaptation to Hot Environmental Conditions: An Exploration of the Performance Basis, Procedures and Future Directions to Optimise Opportunities for Elite Athletes

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Abstract

Extreme environmental conditions present athletes with diverse challenges; however, not all sporting events are limited by thermoregulatory parameters. The purpose of this leading article is to identify specific instances where hot environmental conditions either compromise or augment performance and, where heat acclimation appears justified, evaluate the effectiveness of pre-event acclimation processes. To identify events likely to be receptive to pre-competition heat adaptation protocols, we clustered and quantified the magnitude of difference in performance of elite athletes competing in International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) World Championships (1999–2011) in hot environments (>25 °C) with those in cooler temperate conditions (<25 °C). Athletes in endurance events performed worse in hot conditions (~3 % reduction in performance, Cohen’s d > 0.8; large impairment), while in contrast, performance in short-duration sprint events was augmented in the heat compared with temperate conditions (~1 % improvement, Cohen’s d > 0.8; large performance gain). As endurance events were identified as compromised by the heat, we evaluated common short-term heat acclimation (≤7 days, STHA) and medium-term heat acclimation (8–14 days, MTHA) protocols. This process identified beneficial effects of heat acclimation on performance using both STHA (2.4 ± 3.5 %) and MTHA protocols (10.2 ± 14.0 %). These effects were differentially greater for MTHA, which also demonstrated larger reductions in both endpoint exercise heart rate (STHA: −3.5 ± 1.8 % vs MTHA: −7.0 ± 1.9 %) and endpoint core temperature (STHA: −0.7 ± 0.7 % vs −0.8 ± 0.3 %). It appears that worthwhile acclimation is achievable for endurance athletes via both short-and medium-length protocols but more is gained using MTHA. Conversely, it is also conceivable that heat acclimation may be counterproductive for sprinters. As high-performance athletes are often time-poor, shorter duration protocols may be of practical preference for endurance athletes where satisfactory outcomes can be achieved.

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Acknowledgments

No funding was provided for the preparation of the paper. No author has any conflicts of interest. All authors contributed fully to the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia

    Joshua H. Guy, Glen B. Deakin, Andrew M. Edwards & David B. Pyne

  2. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia

    Catherine M. Miller

  3. Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia

    David B. Pyne

  4. Sport and Health Sciences, St Mark and St John University, Plymouth, UK

    Andrew M. Edwards

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  1. Joshua H. Guy
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  2. Glen B. Deakin
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Correspondence to Andrew M. Edwards.

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Guy, J.H., Deakin, G.B., Edwards, A.M. et al. Adaptation to Hot Environmental Conditions: An Exploration of the Performance Basis, Procedures and Future Directions to Optimise Opportunities for Elite Athletes. Sports Med 45, 303–311 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0277-4

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