Abstract
Prior cross-cultural research has reported cultural variations in memory. One study revealed that Americans remembered images with more perceptual detail than East Asians (Millar et al. in Cult Brain 1(2–4):138–157, 2013). However, in a later study, this expected pattern was not replicated, possibly due to differences in encoding instructions (Paige et al. in Cortex 91:250–261, 2017). The present study sought to examine when cultural variation in memory-related decisions occur and the role of instructions. American and East Asian participants viewed images of objects while making a Purchase decision or an Approach decision and later completed a surprise recognition test. Results revealed Americans had higher hit rates for specific memory, regardless of instruction type, and a less stringent response criterion relative to East Asians. Additionally, a pattern emerged where the Approach decision enhanced hit rates for specific memory relative to the Purchase decision only when administered first; this pattern did not differ across cultures. Results suggest encoding instructions do not magnify cross-cultural differences in memory. Ultimately, cross-cultural differences in response bias, rather than memory sensitivity per se, may account for findings of cultural differences in memory specificity.
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Notes
Because Americans and East Asians differed on speed of processing, as measured by Digit Comparison (Hedden et al. 2002), we wanted to include the speed of processing measures in our analyses of specific memory. When entered as covariates, our results did not change.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge support from National Science Foundation (BCS-1147707; to AHG) and NIA Cognitive Aging and Social Context Training Grant (T32AG000204; to LEP). We thank Lauren Puglisi for her help with data collection.
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Paige, L.E., Amado, S. & Gutchess, A.H. Influence of encoding instructions and response bias on cross-cultural differences in specific recognition. Cult. Brain 5, 153–168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40167-017-0055-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40167-017-0055-x