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Towards efficient ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic hybrid nanoparticles prepared with κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan

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Abstract

The efficient removal of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous samples using magnetic nanosorbents prepared using three sulfated polysaccharides, κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenan and an alkoxysilane agent containing a reactive epoxide ring is described. The prepared nanosorbents were characterized in detail using FTIR spectroscopy, solid-state 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis. The synthesis method was more effective for incorporating higher amounts of κ-carrageenan in the siliceous shells. Although being less sulfated, κ-carrageenan is cheaper than the other carrageenan tested. The CIP adsorption was a cooperative process, well described by the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities of 878, 969 and 865 mg/g for κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenan sorbents, respectively. Overall, the produced magnetic nanosorbents are among the best magnetic systems with high adsorptive efficiency for CIP. It is suggested that protonated CIP molecules are exchanged with ester sulfate counterions of carrageenan at the particles’ surface as the main pathway for CIP adsorption. The adsorption process was exothermic and entropically favorable for the three sorbents. However, at 298 K, the adsorption was spontaneous for κ-carrageenan-based sorbents and non-spontaneous for ι- and λ-carrageenan particles. The magnetic sorbents could be reused and maintained their ability towards CIP removal up to four cycles. The removal efficiency in wastewater was enhanced with the sorbent dose.

Graphical abstract

Magnetic carrageenan nanosorbents were prepared using three carrageenan polysaccharides (κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan). The resulting magnetic particles removed the antibiotic ciprofloxacin efficiently from ultra-pure water and wastewater samples. Magnetic features enabled the fast magnetic separation of the nanosorbents from water.

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Acknowledgements

This work was developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC). The authors thank the RNME (National Electronic Microscopy Network) for microscopy facilities. S. F. Soares thanks the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for the PhD Grant SFRH/BD/121366/2016. J. Nogueira thanks the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for the PhD Grant SFRH/BD/146249/2019. A. L. D.-d.-S. acknowledges FCT for the research contract under the Program' Investigador FCT' 2014 and for funding from the project IF/00405/2014.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Sofia F. Soares, João Nogueira, Tito Trindade & Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva

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  2. João Nogueira
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Soares, S.F., Nogueira, J., Trindade, T. et al. Towards efficient ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic hybrid nanoparticles prepared with κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan. J Nanostruct Chem 13, 283–302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00498-x

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