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Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT)

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Summary

The skin is equipped with serial barriers that provide rapid and efficient protection against external intruders. Beneath the epidermal physical barriers of the stratum corneum and the tight junctions, the integrated immune systems in both the epidermis and the dermis act in a coordinated manner to protect the host. This „immunological“ barrier is composed of various cells, including skin-resident cells, such as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, tissue-resident macrophages, resident memory T cells, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Additionally, infiltrating memory T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are recruited in support of the host immunity.

In addition to discussing the role of each of these cellular populations, we describe the concept of skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), which reminds us that the skin is an important component of the lymphatic system. We further describe the newly discovered phenomenon of multiple cell gathering under skin inflammation, which can be referred to as inducible SALT (iSALT). iSALT contributes to our understanding of SALT by highlighting the importance of direct cell-cell interaction in skin immunity.

Cite this as Ono S, Kabashima K. Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). Allergo J Int 2015;24:170–9 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0065-1

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Abbreviations

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

Ags:

Antigens

AMPs:

Anti-microbial peptides

APs:

Antigen presenting cells

ASC:

Apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CCL5:

Chemokine C-C motif ligand 5

CHS:

Contact hypersensitivity

CXCL2:

Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 2

CX3CR1:

C-X3-C chemokine receptor 1

CXCR2:

Chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 2

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

cDCs:

Dermal conventional DCs

dDCs:

Dermal DCs

DCs:

Dendritic cells

dLNs:

Draining lymph nodes

DN:

Double negative

dSEARCH:

Dendrite surveillance extension and retraction cycling habitude

DTA:

Diphtheria toxin subunit A

DTR:

Diphtheria toxin receptor

HMGB1:

High-mobility group box protein 1

HSV-2:

Herpes simplex virus

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

ILCs:

Innate lymphoid cells

iSALT:

Inducible SALT

KCs:

Keratinocytes

LCs:

Langerhans cells

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

M1:

Classically activated macrophage

M2:

Alternatively activated macrophage

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Mgl2:

Macrophage galactose C-type lectin type 2

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MLCs:

Memory lymphocyte clusters

NLR:

Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing family

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

pDCs:

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

SALT:

Skin associated lymphoid tissue

SC:

Stratum corneum

Th:

T helper

TJs:

Tight junctions

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TSLP:

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

XCR1:

XC-chemokine receptor 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School Of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Sachiko Ono & Kenji Kabashima MD, PhD

  2. Chair of the Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan

    Kenji Kabashima MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Sachiko Ono
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  2. Kenji Kabashima MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Kenji Kabashima MD, PhD.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Ono S, Kabashima K. Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). Allergo J Int 2015; 24: 170–9 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0065-1

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Ono, S., Kabashima, K. Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). Allergo J 24, 18–27 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15007-015-0911-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15007-015-0911-y

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