Abstract
The water energy environment (WEE) nexus models have become indispensable for the integrated natural resources management under the growing regional and global risks and insecurities in pursuit of sustainable development. A new framework has been developed based on bottom-up energy system model and the related greenhouse gas emissions which aimed to predict and depict an apparent WEE nexus outlook for residential, electric power, industry, and agriculture sectors under various scenarios. Bottom-up nexus modeling has been done by Long Energy Alternative Planning software tool for the mentioned sectors from 2016 to 2040. The Urmia Lake basin covering 52,000 Km2 as a vulnerable region to climate change located in the northwest of Iran is selected as a case study in this paper. The UL basin’s demographic and economic data were used as energy demand drivers. Discussion of the results based on the detailed energy and emission analysis under different scenarios showed the most energy saving and environmental pollutants abatement potential equal to 27.76 million barrels of oil equivalent and 11.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents under the Integrated Policy (IP) scenario up to 2040. Sensitivity analysis of total energy demand to socioeconomic changes shows mean increases of 3% and 2% to each unit increase in the population and gross domestic product. The cost–benefit analysis for the IP scenario indicates more net present values if the interest rate remains less than 8%.
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Abbreviations
- UL:
-
Urmia Lake
- CO2eq:
-
Carbon dioxide equivalent
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse Gas
- NG:
-
Natural Gas
- CC:
-
Climate Change
- GDP:
-
Gross Domestic Product
- WEE:
-
Water Energy Environment
- LEAP:
-
Long Energy Alternative Planning
- MCM:
-
Million Cubic Meters
- MBOE:
-
Million Barrels of Crude Oil Equivalent
- MMTCDE:
-
Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
- UNFCC:
-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- IPCC:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- TED:
-
Technology and Environmental Database
- SD:
-
Sustainable Development
- M$:
-
Million Dollar
- BAU:
-
Business As Usual
- DSM:
-
Demand-Side Management
- EPI:
-
Energy Prices Increase
- CCE:
-
Climate Change Effect
- IP:
-
Integrated Policy
- SA:
-
Sensitivity Analysis
- NPV:
-
Net Present Value
- CBA:
-
Cost–Benefit Analysis
- TED:
-
Technology and Environmental Database
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Moadel, M., Amidpour, M., Abedi, Z. et al. Prospect of water energy environment nexus under energy and climate change scenarios (case study: Urmia Lake Basin). Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 10649–10662 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04244-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04244-2