Abstract
Some ichneumonid wasps of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) induce behavioral modifications in their host spiders during a specific moment of their development, resulting in the construction of webs that differ in several aspects from those constructed by unparasitized individuals. In this study, we describe the parasitoid wasp Hymenoepimecis pinheirensis sp. n. (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) and present information on behavioral modifications in the orb-web structure of its host, the spider Leucauge volupis (Keyserling 1893). Previously, reported observation on this host/parasitoid interaction was restricted to one locality, and the wasp species was misidentified as Hymenoepimecis jordanensis Loffredo and Penteado-Dias 2009. Modified webs built by parasitized spiders lack adhesive spirals and have several radii that converge to the web hub. The cocoon built by the wasp larvae is attached to the web hub, suspended by horizontal radial lines, and surrounded by a tridimensional tangle positioned below the hub. This modified web structure is similar to the most frequent architecture of webs constructed by individuals of Leucauge mariana (Taczanowski 1881) parasitized by Hymenoepimecis tedfordi Gauld 1991. However, cocoon webs built by L. volupis parasitized by H. pinheirensis sp. n. differ from the cocoon webs described for the other Leucauge species parasitized by Hymenoepimecis wasps. This evidence suggests that the modified web pattern in Leucauge species is determined by specific responses of each spider species to the behavioral manipulation mechanism displayed by the wasps.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Invertebrados do Solo (Dra. Elizabeth Franklin/INPA) for the use of layer-photo microscopes and Dr. Adalberto José dos Santos by identification of the spider species. Also, we are grateful to Reserva Biológica do Córrego do Veado and Reserva Biológica de Sooretama for access to study areas.
Funding
We thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (TO1020/2015), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (proc. 300295/2016–2, 310477/2020–4), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Hymenoptera Parasitoides (HYMPAR-CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (APQ-00935–18, APQ-02984–17). We also thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brazil (CAPES), Finance Code 001 (D.G. Pádua–PNPD/CAPES process n° 88887.372005/2019–00).
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TGK and DGP conceived the research. TGK, SSA, TMP, and JFS collected the data. DGP and APD described the parasitoid species. TGK, DGP, and MOG wrote the original draft. TGK, DGP, SSA, APD, TMP, JFS, FGL and MOG reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
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ZooBank number 9C16C27E-3D7D-45E6-B02D-09B153B54945.
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Kloss, T.G., de Pádua, D.G., de Almeida, S.d. et al. A New Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and New Records of Behavioral Manipulation of the Host Spider Leucauge volupis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Neotrop Entomol 51, 821–829 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-00991-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-00991-6