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Temperature Impact on Telenomus podisi Emergence in Field Releases of Unprotected and Encapsulated Parasitoid Pupae

  • Biological Control
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Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature on the emergence of Telenomus podisi throughout the soybean development cycle, using encapsulated and unprotected pupae releases, in four different possible locations where pupae can be deposited during release. The trial was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme: two parasitoid pupae release strategies (encapsulated and unprotected) × four pupae locations (between soybean lines of planting, bottom third, middle third, or upper third of plant canopy) with 5 replicates. There were no significant interactions between the studied factors. In the vegetative stage (V2 and V9), a smaller percentage of emergence of parasitoid adults was observed between soybean lines of planting (37.1% and 23.4% for V2 and V9 , respectively). The highest maximum temperatures were recorded between the soybean lines, with the greatest variations in maximum and minimum temperatures (55.2°C and 21.3°C) in V2 and (52.8°C and 23.9°C) in V9. In the reproductive stages (R1, R4, and R7), the observed temperatures were lower when compared to those observed in the vegetative stages (V2 and V9), with no difference in the emergence of parasitoid adults, which was above 70% in stage R1 and above 80% in R4 and R7. Regarding the pupae (encapsulated or unprotected), both allowed similar adult emergence. Therefore, it can be concluded that both unprotected and encapsulated pupae can be released, but those releases during the soybean vegetative development stage should be avoided due to the high temperatures to which pupae can be exposed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Embrapa Soja, the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (grants 402797/2016-7 and 302645/2018-7) for their financial support and fellowships. Thanks are also extended to Dr Valmir Antônio Costa (Instituto Biológico de Campinas) for parasitoid identification, to Robin Hambly (native English speaker) for professionally editing the text, and to Adair Vicente Carneiro for drawing Fig. 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto do Desenvolvimento Rural (IDR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

    Érica Caroline Braz

  2. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Soja), Caixa Postal 231, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86001-970, Brazil

    Adeney de Freitas Bueno

  3. Univ Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brazil

    Fernanda Caroline Colombo

  4. Univ Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Ana Paula de Queiroz

Authors
  1. Érica Caroline Braz
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  2. Adeney de Freitas Bueno
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  3. Fernanda Caroline Colombo
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  4. Ana Paula de Queiroz
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Contributions

EC Braz and AF Bueno contributed to the study design. EC Braz conducted the sampling. AF Bueno contributed to material and analysis tools. EC Braz, AF Bueno, FC Colombo, and AP Queiroz wrote the paper. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Adeney de Freitas Bueno.

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Edited by Christian S Torres

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Braz, É.C., Bueno, A.d., Colombo, F.C. et al. Temperature Impact on Telenomus podisi Emergence in Field Releases of Unprotected and Encapsulated Parasitoid Pupae. Neotrop Entomol 50, 462–469 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-021-00857-3

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