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Hollow polymer nanospheres (HPSs) as the adsorbent in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for determining BTEXs chief metabolites in urine samples

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Abstract

Hollow polymer nanospheres (HPSs) were prepared based on the feeble acid–base interaction-induced assembly in hydrothermal conditions. It was first used as a sorbent in microextraction by packed sorbent method for the separation of the major biomarkers of BTEXs in urine samples. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess the morphological and dimensional structures of the products. All parameters affecting the adsorption of the analytes by the sorbent, including sorbent amount, sample volume, washing, and elution solutions, extraction cycles, pH, and temperature of the sample solution, were investigated. Good linear ranges (e.g., 5–1000 µg/mL for MA, r2 > 0.98) and good limits of detection (e.g., 0.01 µg/mL for tt-MA) were obtained as well. The values of inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.09–3.41 and 5.74–7.12%, respectively. The HPS-MEPS technique coupled with HPLC–UV detection was successfully applied to determine tt-MA, HA, MA, and m-MHA in the urine with the extraction recoveries of 104.9, 105.5, 102.6, and 81.8%, respectively. Based on the results, HPS as a durable and reusable adsorbent (more than 100 times) with MEPS was excellent for the facile and rapid determination of HA, MA, and tt-MA from urine samples in the shortest time and without using complicated processes. It can also be suggested as an alternative method for earlier procedures in the biomonitoring of BTEX compounds.

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Abbreviations

BTEX:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene

MA:

Mandelic acid

tt-MA:

Trans, trans-muconic acid

HA:

Hippuric acid

m-MHA:

M-Methylhippuric acid

IARC:

International agency for research on cancer

MEPS:

Microextraction by packed sorbent

HPSs:

Hollow polymer nanospheres

HCSs:

Hollow carbon nanospheres

MEPS:

Microextraction by packed sorbent

MOF:

Metal organic frameworks

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

FE-SEM:

Field-emission scanning electron microscopy

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffractometry

DA:

2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

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Acknowledgements

The current paper was financially supported by the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Health Sciences (Grant Nom, 9911148016).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 65175-4171, Hamadan, 6517838695, Iran

    Nematullah Kurd, Abdulrahman Bahrami, Farshid Ghorbani shahna & Mohammad Javad Assari

  2. Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

    Abbas Afkhami

  3. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran

    Maryam Farhadian

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  1. Nematullah Kurd
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  2. Abdulrahman Bahrami
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Correspondence to Abdulrahman Bahrami.

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Kurd, N., Bahrami, A., Afkhami, A. et al. Hollow polymer nanospheres (HPSs) as the adsorbent in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for determining BTEXs chief metabolites in urine samples. J IRAN CHEM SOC 19, 4117–4128 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-022-02585-w

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