Abstract
The effects of organic aluminum phosphate (NA-21) and rare earth organic coordination compounds (WBG), serving as α, β nucleating agents, on crystallization and mechanical properties of high-fluid polypropylene (PP) have been investigated. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the isothermal crystallization temperature of PP increased from 126.5 to 137.7 °C and 133.6 °C with NA-21 and WBG, respectively. The two endothermal melting peaks of PP blending with WBG indicated the transformation of β-crystal. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction pattern and melting behavior of PP blending with WBG testified that a high proportion of β-crystal, which was more than 70%, was induced, while the crystal-phase of PP modified with NA-21 had little change. The mechanical properties of nucleated PP were tested by tensile testing machine and izod pendulum impact tester. A dramatic increment of impact strength, as high as 191%, was obtained for PP with the introduction of WBG, comparing to 132% by NA-21 addition. The impact fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope; the resistance of crack growth of nucleated PP was better than that of pure PP. Although flexural strength of PP improved in both scenarios, the influence of nucleators on yield strength of PP differed. Yield strength of PP increased by 8.5% when using 0.2 wt% NA-21, but decreased by 6% when using WBG at the same content. Therefore, WBG, a novel β-nucleator, played an essential role in enhancing impact strength of PP.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Keith HD, Padden FJ (1963) A phenomenological theory of spherulitic crystallization. J Appl Phys 34:2409–2421
Eckstein A, Suhm J, Friedrich C, Maier RD, Sassmannshausen J, Bochmann M, MÜlhaupt R (1998) Determination of plateau moduli and entanglement molecular weights of isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polypropylenes synthesized with metallocene catalysts. Macromolecules 31:1335–1340
Ryu SH, Gogos CG, Xanthos M (1991) Melting behaviour of controlled rheology polypropylene. Polymer 32:2249–2455
Blackmon PB, Barthel-Rosa LP, Malbari SA, Daumerie MM (2003) Production of ultra high melt flow polypropylene resins. US Patent 6,657,025 B2, 2 Dec 2003
Zummallen M (2010) Controlled-rheology polypropylene. US Patent 2010/0324225 A1, 23 Dec 2010
Yang G, Han L, Ding HF, Wu HY, Huang T, Li XX, Wang Y (2011) Fracture resistance improvement of polypropylene by joint action of core-shell particles and nucleating agent. Mater Sci Eng A 528:1382–1390
Norton DR, Keller A (1985) The spherulitic and lamellar morphology of melt-crystallized isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 26:704–716
Meille SV, Ferro DR, Bruckner S, Lovinger AJ (1994) Structure of β-isotactic polypropylene a long-standing structural puzzle. Macromolecules 27:2615–2622
Lezak E, Bartczak Z, Galeski A (2006) Plastic deformation of the γ phase in isotactic polypropylene in plane-strain compression. Macromolecules 39:4811–4819
Russo R, Vittoria V (1996) Determination of intrinsic birefrigence of smectic phase in isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 60:955–961
De-Rosa C, Auriemma F (2006) Structural-mechanical phase diagram of isotactic polypropylene. J Am Chem Soc 128:11024–11025
Miwa T, Masayuki Y (2007) Structure and properties of injection-molded polypropylene with sorbitol-based clarifier. Polym Eng Sci 47:1141–1146
Zhang YF, Li X, Wei XS (2010) Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with 1,3:2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol. J Therm Anal Calorim 100:661–665
Dobreva T, Lopez-Majada JM, Perena JM, Perez E, Benavente R (2008) Nonisothermal melt-crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene synthesized with a metallocene catalyst and compound with different quantities of an α nucleator. J Appl Polym Sci 109:1338–1349
Romankiewicz A, Sterzvnski T, Brostow W (2004) Structural characterization of α and β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene. Polym Int 53:2086–2091
Wang JB, Dou Q (2008) Crystallization behavior and optical and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with rosin-based nucleating agents. Polym Int 57:233–239
Marco C, Ellis G, Gomez MA, Arribas JM (2002) Analysis of the dynamic crystallization of isotactic polypropylene/α-nucleating agent systems by DSC. J Therm Anal Calorim 68:61–74
Gui Q, Xin Z, Zhu WP, Dai GC (2003) Effect of an organic phosphorus nucleating agent on crystallization behaviors and mechanical properties of poly(propylene). J Appl Polym Sci 88:297–301
Byelov D, Panine P, Remerie K, Remerie K, Biemond E, Alfonso GC, De-Jeu WH (2008) Crystallization under shear in isotactic polypropylene containing nucleator. Polymer 49:3076–3083
Dong M, Guo ZX, Yu J, Su ZQ (2008) Crystallization behavior and morphological development of isotactic polypropylene with an aryl amide derivative as β-form nucleating agent. J Appl Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 46:1725–1733
Xu LL, Zhang XJ, Xu K, Lin SQ, Chen MC (2010) Variation of non-isothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene with varying β-nucleating agent content. Polym Int 59:1441–1450
Zhang PY, Liu XX, Li YQ (2006) Influence of β-nucleating agent on the mechanics and crystallization characteristics of polypropylene. Mater Sci Eng 434:310–313
Raab M, Scudla J, Kolarik J (2004) The effect of specific nucleation on tensile mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene. Eur Polym J 40:1317–1323
Feng JC, Chen MC, Huang ZT, Guo YQ, Hu HG (2002) Effect of mineral additives on the β-crystalline form of isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1742–1748
Cao J, Lü QF (2011) Crystalline structure, morphology and mechanical properties of β-nucleated controlled-rheology polypropylene random copolymer. Polym Test 30:899–906
Luo F, Wang K, Ning NY, Geng CZ, Deng H, Chen F, Fu Q, Qian YY, Zheng D (2010) Dependence of mechanical properties on β-form content and crystalline morphology for β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene. Polym Advan Technol. doi:10.1002/pat.1718
Wang SW, Yang W, Xu YJ, Xie BH, Yang MB, Peng XF (2008) Crystalline morphology of β-nucleated controlled-rheology polypropylene. Polym Test 27:638–644
Li JX, Cheung WL (1998) On the deformation mechanisms of β-polypropylene: 1. Effect of necking on β-phase PP crystal. Polymer 39:6935–6940
Turner JA, Aizlewood JM, Beckeet DR (1964) Crystalline forms of isotactic polypropylene. Micromol Chem Phys 75:134–158
Jang GS, Cho WJ, Ha CS, Kim W, Kim HK (2002) Morphology, crystallization behavior and properties of impact-modified polypropylene copolymer with or without sodium benzoate as a nucleating agent. Colloid Polym Sci 280:424–431
Rybnikar F (1989) Orientation in composite of polypropylene and talc. J Appl Polym Sci 38:1479–1490
Minardi A, Boudeulle M, Duval E (1998) The effect of the moulding conditions on the semicrystalline structure of polypropylene. Polymer 38:3957–3965
Xu T, Lei H, Xie CS (2003) The effect of nucleating agent on the crystalline morphology of polypropylene (PP). Mater Des 24:227–230
Yuan Q, Jiang W, An LJ (2004) Study of β-α recrystallization of the polypropylene. Colloid Polym Sci 282:1236–1241
Xiao WC, Wu PY, Feng JC, Yao RY (2009) Influence of a novel β-nucleating agent on the structure, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 111:1076–1085
Su ZQ, Dong M, Guo ZX, Yu J (2007) Study of polystyrene and acrylonitrile: styrene copolymer as special β-nucleating agents to induce the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 40:4217–4224
Zhao SC, Cai Z, Xin Z (2008) A highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 49:2745–2754
Marco C, Gomez MA, Ellis G, Arribas M (2002) Highly efficient nucleating additive for isotactic polypropylene studied by differential scanning calorimetry. J Appl Polym Sci 84:1669–1679
Kim CY, Kim YC, Kim SC (1993) Temperature dependence of the nucleation effect of sorbitol derivatives on polypropylene crystallization. Polym Eng Sci 33:1445–1451
Lv ZP, Wang KJ, Qiao ZH, Wang WJ (2010) The influence of modified zeolites as nucleating agents on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene. Mater Des 31:3804–3809
Bai HW, Wang Y, Song B, Han L (2008) Synergistic toughening effect of nucleating agent and ethylene-octene copolymer on polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 108:3270–3280
Zeng AR, Zheng YY, Guo Y, Qiu SC, Cheng L (2011) Effect of tetra-needle-shaped zinc oxide whisker (T-ZnOw) on mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene. Mater Des. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.05028
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, Q., Jia, H., Wang, J. et al. Effects of nucleating agents on crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of high-fluid polypropylene. Iran Polym J 21, 201–209 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-012-0024-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-012-0024-3