Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Association Between Weight-Based Teasing from Peers and Family in Childhood and Depressive Symptoms in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review

  • Psychological Issues (V Drapeau and V Ivezaj, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Obesity Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent Findings

Depressive symptoms may be a psychological correlate of weight-based teasing from peers and/or family. However, it is unclear whether the association of weight-based teasing with depressive symptoms differs by time (short term vs. long term), sex (males vs. females), or source (family vs. peers).

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review was to (1) examine whether the frequency of weight-based teasing differs according to sex and source and; (2) examine whether the association of weight-based teasing with depressive symptoms varies according to time, sex, and source.

Methods

On February 16, 2018, a combination of keywords within three concepts, (i) children and adults, (ii) weight-based teasing source, and (iii) mental health outcomes, were searched in four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science) for relevant articles. Cross-sectional and longitudinal original research articles were included, and studies were excluded if the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms was not explicitly measured.

Results

The search yielded 3572 articles, and nineteen studies were included in the final analysis. Experiences of weight-based teasing occurred significantly more among girls than boys. Weight-based teasing was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in both short and long term. Weight-based teasing exhibited a greater association with depressive symptoms in girls vs. boys and when it came from multiple sources than from either source alone. However, it remains uncertain whether one source of teasing is more common than the other, since only two studies found peers to be a more common source of weight-based teasing compared to family.

Summary

Weight-based teasing from peers and family is associated with depressive symptoms, and girls are more psychologically vulnerable than boys. Interventions are required to reduce weight-based teasing and its harmful psychological effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Shapiro JP, Baumeister RF, Kessler JW. A three-component model of children's teasing: aggression, humor, and ambiguity. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1991;10(4):459–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Land D. Teasing apart secondary students' conceptualizations of peer teasing, bullying and sexual harassment. Sch Psychol Int. 2003;24(2):147–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Puhl RM, Heuer CA. The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2009;17(5):941–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Haines J, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, van den Berg P, Eisenberg ME. Longitudinal and secular trends in weight-related teasing during adolescence. Obesity. 2008;16:S18–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Keery H, Boutelle K, van den Berg P, Thompson JK. The impact of appearance-related teasing by family members. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37(2):120–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. MacDonald DE, Dimitropoulos G, Royal S, Polanco A, Dionne MM. The family fat talk questionnaire: development and psychometric properties of a measure of fat talk behaviors within the family context. Body Image. 2015;12:44–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McCormack LA, Laska MN, Gray C, Veblen-Mortenson S, Barr-Anderson D, Story M. Weight-related teasing in a racially diverse sample of sixth-grade children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(3):431–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Neumark-Sztainer D, Falkner N, Story M, Perry C, Hannan PJ, Mulert S. Weight-teasing among adolescents: correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Neumark-Sztainer D, Bauer KW, Friend S, Hannan PJ, Story M, Berge JM. Family weight talk and dieting: how much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? J Adolesc Health. 2010;47(3):270–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Goldfield G, Moore C, Henderson K, Buchholz A, Obeid N, Flament M. The relation between weight-based teasing and psychological adjustment in adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2010;15(5):283–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Smith M, Shubin J, Segal J. Depression Symptoms and Warning Signs HelpGuide.org International 2018 Available from: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/depression-symptoms-and-warning-signs.htm.

  12. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sinyor M, Rezmovitz J, Zaretsky A. Screen all for depression. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 2016;352:i1617.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(8):837–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Organization WH. Depression 2018 [updated March 22nd 2018 Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.

  17. Mrazek DA, Hornberger JC, Altar CA, Degtiar I. A review of the clinical, economic, and societal burden of treatment-resistant depression: 1996–2013. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(8):977–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Greden JF. The burden of disease for treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 16):26–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Organization WH. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. 2004.

  20. Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Associations of weight-based teasing and emotional well-being among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(8):733–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. • Goldschmidt AB, Wall M, Choo T-HJ, Becker C, Neumark-Sztainer D. Shared risk factors for mood-, eating-, and weight-related health outcomes. Health Psychology. 2016;35(3):245–52 One of the few longitudinal studies to examine the long-term associations between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Haines J, Wall M. Weight-teasing and emotional well-being in adolescents: longitudinal findings from project EAT. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(6):675–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Puhl RM, Latner JD. Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation's children. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):557–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2006;14(10):1802–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 ed: The Cochrane Collaboration 2011 March 2011.

  26. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools.

  28. Bang KS, Chae SM, Hyun MS, Nam HK, Kim JS, Park KH. The mediating effects of perceived parental teasing on relations of body mass index to depression and self-perception of physical appearance and global self-worth in children. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68(12):2646–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bucchianeri MM, Eisenberg ME, Wall MM, Piran N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Multiple types of harassment: associations with emotional well-being and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(6):724–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Fulkerson JA, Strauss J, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Boutelle K. Correlates of psychosocial well-being among overweight adolescents: the role of the family. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(1):181–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenleaf C, Petrie TA, Martin SB. Relationship of weight-based teasing and adolescents' psychological well-being and physical health. J Sch Health. 2014;84(1):49–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Greenleaf C, Petrie TA, Martin SB. Exploring weight-related teasing and depression among overweight and obese adolescents. Eur Rev Appl Psychol-Rev Eur Psychol Appl. 2017;67(3):147–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lampard AM, MacLehose RF, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Davison KK. Weight-related teasing in the school environment: associations with psychosocial health and weight control practices among adolescent boys and girls. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;43(10):1770–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Libbey HP, Story MT, Neumark-Sztainer DR, Boutelle KN. Teasing, disordered eating behaviors, and psychological morbidities among overweight adolescents. Obesity. 2008;16:S24–S9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Madowitz J, Knatz S, Maginot T, Crow SJ, Boutelle KN. Teasing, depression and unhealthy weight control behaviour in obese children. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(6):446–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Mustillo SA, Budd K, Hendrix K. Obesity, labeling, and psychological distress in late-childhood and adolescent black and white girls: the distal effects of stigma. Soc Psychol Q. 2013;76(3):268–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Phares V, Steinberg AR, Thompson JK. Gender differences in peer and parental influences: body image disturbance, self-worth, and psychological functioning in preadolescent children. J Youth Adolesc. 2004;33(5):421–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Porter JS, Stern M, Mazzeo SE, Evans RK, Laver J. Relations among teasing, body satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression in treatment-seeking obese African American adolescents. J Black Psychol. 2013;39(4):375–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Quick V, Eisenberg ME, Bucchianeri MM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in young adults: 10-year longitudinal findings. Emerg Adulthood. 2013;1(4):271–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Quinlan NP, Hoy MB, Costanzo PR. Sticks and stones: the effects of teasing on psychosocial functioning in an overweight treatment-seeking sample. Soc Dev. 2009;18(4):978–1001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Young-Hyman D, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, Keil M, Cohen ML, Peyrot M, et al. Psychological status and weight-related distress in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Obesity. 2006;14(12):2249–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ryan R, Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group: data synthesis and analysis. http://cccrg.cochrane.org2013.

  43. Puhl RM, Luedicke J, Heuer C. Weight-based victimization toward overweight adolescents: observations and reactions of peers. J Schol Health. 2011;81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. • Puhl RM, Latner JD, O'Brien K, Luedicke J, Forhan M, Danielsdottir S. Cross-national perspectives about weight-based bullying in youth: nature, extent and remedies. Pediatr Obes. 2016;11(4):241–50 A study which highlights that weight-based teasing is one of the most common forms of teasing reported by adolescents, emphasizing its prevalence.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bradshaw CP, Waasdorp TE, O'Brennan LM, Gulemetova M. Teachers' and education support professionals' perspectives on bullying and prevention: findings from a National Education Association Study. Sch Psychol Rev. 2013;42(3):280–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Taylor AL. Perceived parental gender bias and youth sport withdrawal. ProQuest Information & Learning: US; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hazen E, Schlozman S, Beresin E. Adolescent psychological development: a review. Pediatr Rev. 2008;29(5):161–7 quiz 8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Markey CN. Invited commentary: why body image is important to adolescent development. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39(12):1387–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Krayer A, Ingledew DK, Iphofen R. Social comparison and body image in adolescence: a grounded theory approach. Health Educ Res. 2008;23(5):892–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hayden-Wade HA, Stein RI, Ghaderi A, Saelens BE, Zabinski MF, Wilfley DE. Prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of teasing experiences among overweight children vs. non-overweight peers. Obes Res. 2005;13(8):1381–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nemiary D, Shim R, Mattox G, Holden K. The relationship between obesity and depression among adolescents. Psychiatr Ann. 2012;42(8):305–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. van den Berg P, Neumark-Sztainer D, Eisenberg ME, Haines J. Racial/ethnic differences in weight-related teasing in adolescents. Obes (Silver Spring). 2008;16(Suppl 2):S3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Puhl RM, Luedicke J. Weight-based victimization among adolescents in the school setting: emotional reactions and coping behaviors. J Youth Adolesc. 2012;41(1):27–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Buote VM, Wilson AE, Strahan EJ, Gazzola SB, Papps F. Setting the bar: divergent sociocultural norms for women's and men's ideal appearance in real-world contexts. Body Image. 2011;8(4):322–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lawler M, Nixon E. Body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys and girls: the effects of body mass, peer appearance culture and internalization of appearance ideals. J Youth Adolesc. 2011;40(1):59–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Alberga AS, Sigal RJ, Goldfield G, Prud' homme D, Kenny GP. Overweight and obese teenagers: why is adolescence a critical period? Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(4):261–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Thompson JK, Coovert MD, Richards KJ, Johnson S, Cattarin J. Development of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in female adolescents: covariance structure modeling and longitudinal investigations. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;18(3):221–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Attie I, Brooks-Gunn J. Development of eating problems in adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Dev Psychol. 1989;25(1):70–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hebl MR, King EB, Perkins A. Ethnic differences in the stigma of obesity: identification and engagement with a thin ideal. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2009;45(6):1165–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Frisco ML, Houle JN, Martin MA. Adolescent weight and depressive symptoms: for whom is weight a burden? 2009;90(4):1019–38.

  61. Bearman SK, Presnell K, Martinez E, Stice E. The skinny on body dissatisfaction: a longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. J Youth Adolesc. 2006;35(2):217–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. McCreary DR, Sasse DK. An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. J Am Coll Heal. 2000;48(6):297–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP. Pursuit of muscularity among adolescents. The muscular ideal: psychological, social, and medical perspectives. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2007. p. 199–216.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  64. Berndt TJ. Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Dev Psychol. 1979;15(6):608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Lefkowitz ES, Kahlbaugh PE, Sigman MD. Turn-taking in mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality and conflict. Youth Adolesc. 1996;25(3):307–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Steinberg L, Monahan KC. Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(6):1531–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Stradmeijer M, Bosch J, Koops W, Seidell J. Family functioning and psychosocial adjustment in overweight youngsters. Int J Eat Disord. 2000;27(1):110–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wertheim EH, Martin G, Prior M, Sanson A, Smart D. Parent influences in the transmission of eating and weight related values and behaviors. Eat Disord. 2002;10(4):321–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pearl RL, Puhl RM. Weight bias internalization and health: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2018;19(8):1141–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Durso LE, Latner JD. Understanding self-directed stigma: development of the weight bias internalization scale. Obesity. 2008;16:80–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hilbert A, Baldofski S, Zenger M, Löwe B, Kersting A, Braehler E. Weight bias internalization scale: psychometric properties and population norms. PLOS One. 2014;9(1):e86303-e.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. • Zuba A, Warschburger P. The role of weight teasing and weight bias internalization in psychological functioning: a prospective study among school-aged children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(10):1245–55 One of the few studies to explore how weight bias internalization influences the relationship between weight-based teasing and depressive symptoms among children.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Roberto CASR, Bush J, Pearl R, Puhl RM, Schvey NA, Dovidio JF. Clinical correlates of the weight bias internalization scale in a sample of obese adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2012;20(3):533–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Scvhey NA RC, White MA. Clinical correlates of the weight bias internalization scale in overweight adults with binge and purge behaviours. Adv Eat Disord. 2013.

  75. Roberto CA, Sysko R, Bush J, Pearl R, Puhl RM, Schvey NA, et al. Clinical correlates of the weight bias internalization scale in a sample of obese adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2012;20(3):533–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Himmelstein MS, Puhl RM. Weight-based victimization from friends and family: implications for how adolescents cope with weight stigma. Pediatr Obes. 2019;14(1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Connolly J, Craig W, Goldberg A, Pepler D. Mixed-gender groups, dating, and romantic relationships in early adolescence. J Res Adolesc. 2004;14(2):185–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Furman W, Shaffer L. The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2003. p. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP. Children's body image concerns and eating disturbance: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(3):325–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Valois DD, Davis CG, Buchholz A, Obeid N, Henderson K, Flament M, et al. Effects of weight teasing and gender on body esteem in youth: a longitudinal analysis from the REAL study. Body Image. 2019;29:65–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Puhl RM, Himmelstein MS, Watson RJ. Weight-based victimization among sexual and gender minority adolescents: Findings from a diverse national sample. Pediatr Obes. 2019;e12514.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Roth DA, Coles ME, Heimberg RG. The relationship between memories for childhood teasing and anxiety and depression in adulthood. J Anxiety Disord. 2002;16(2):149–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Cattarin JA, Thompson JK. A three-year longitudinal study of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in adolescent females. Eat Disord. 1994;2(2):114–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Stice E, Whitenton K. Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: a longitudinal investigation. Dev Psychol. 2002;38(5):669–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: a systematic and meta-analytic review. J Exp Criminol. 2011;7(1):27–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge our research and subject librarian Katharine Hall for her assistance with the formulation of our search strategy as well as database searching.

Funding

Erica Szwimer recognizes the Jewish Community Foundation as well as an internal award from the Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Faculty of Arts & Science at Concordia University, Montreal. Angela S. Alberga gratefully acknowledges Les Fonds de Recherche du Québec- Santé for her Chercheur Boursier Junior 1 Award.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada

    Erica Szwimer & Angela S. Alberga

  2. School of Human Kinetics, Psychology and Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Fatima Mougharbel & Gary S. Goldfield

  3. Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Gary S. Goldfield

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

    Angela S. Alberga

Authors
  1. Erica Szwimer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatima Mougharbel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gary S. Goldfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Angela S. Alberga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angela S. Alberga.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Psychological Issues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Szwimer, E., Mougharbel, F., Goldfield, G.S. et al. The Association Between Weight-Based Teasing from Peers and Family in Childhood and Depressive Symptoms in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Curr Obes Rep 9, 15–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00367-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00367-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation