Abstract
This work investigates the mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid composites constructed from RE oxides and an AZ91D magnesium matrix. In order to achieve this, stir-cast AZ91D magnesium hybrid composites with reinforcements made of 1–3% yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and 1% cerium dioxide (CeO2) were developed. The research was done on how different RE oxide weight percentages affected the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear characteristics. The sliding wear property of composite materials was experimented using pin-on-disc test equipment by varying the applied weight, sliding speed, and time. A study was conducted on the wear characterizations, SEM images, EDAX and metallographic analysis. The SEM pictures showed that there was no agglomeration and that the distribution of the Y2O3 and CeO2 particles in the matrix were rather homogeneous. In composites supplemented with RE oxides, the obtained findings demonstrated an increased tensile strength (11–33%), hardness (6–30%), and the formation of stable oxide surface layers. When compared to magnesium alloy that was cast in its original form, the RE reinforced hybrid composites demonstrated improved wear resistance (9–29% higher wear resistance). The worn surface of the investigated specimen underwent wear processes such as wear melt, induced delamination, oxidation, and particle cracking.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Xiao, Y. Gao, Xu. Feixing, C. Yang, Y. Li, Z. Liu, Q. Zheng, Tribological behavior of in-situ nano-sized TiB2 particles reinforced AZ91 matrix composite. Tribol. Int. 128, 130–139 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.07.003
A. PackiaAntonyAmalan, N.M. Sivaram, A state-of-the-art review on magnesium-based composite materials. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2022.2096835
M.E. Turan, F. Aydin, Wear and corrosion properties of low-cost eggshell-reinforced green AZ91 matrix composites. Canad. Metall. Quart. 61(2), 155–171 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.2035634
A.G. Joshi, M.P. Kumar, S. Basavarajappa, Investigation on slurry erosion of Al2O3 incorporated glass/epoxy composites. Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 14(4), 257–273 (2020)
S. Banerjee, P. Sahoo, J. Paulo Davim, Tribological characterisation of magnesium matrix nanocomposites: a review. Adv. Mech. Eng. 13(4), 1–39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/16878140211009025
B.M. Girish, B.M. Satish, D.R. Sadanand Sarapure, B. Somashekar, Wear behavior of magnesium alloy AZ91 hybrid composite materials. Tribol. Trans. 58(3), 481–489 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2014.987858
V.K. Sharma, V. Kumar, Development of rare-earth oxides based hybrid AMCs reinforced with SiC/Al2O3: mechanical & metallurgical characterization. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8(2), 1971–1981 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.013
V. Kavimani, K. Soorya Prakash, T. Thankachan, Surface characterization and specific wear rate prediction of r-GO/AZ31 composite under dry sliding wear condition. Surf. Interf. 6, 143–153 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2017.01.004
A. Kumar, S. Keerti, J. Jain, S. Sinha, S. Tekumalla, M. Gupta, Investigations of wear response of pure Mg and Mg-0.4 Ce-Y2O3/ZnO nano composites using a single and repeated scratch tests. Tribol. Trans. 61(5), 951–959 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2018.1455941
X.C. JunliuYe, H. Luo, J. Zhao, J. Li, J. Tan, H. Yang, Bo. Feng, K. Zheng, F. Pan, Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of Ti particles reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composites. J. Magn. Alloys. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.06.012
A. Kumar, P. Kumar, B. Singh, Optimizing the effect of wear test parameters on the specific wear rate of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Mater. Today Proc. 44, 4885–4890 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.709
D. Zhao, C. Zhao, X. Chen, Y. Huang, N. Hort, S. Gavras, F. Pan, Compressive deformation of as-extruded LPSO containing Mg alloys at different temperatures. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 16, 944–959 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.12.053
C. Liu, X. Chen, J. Chen, A. Atrens, F. Pan, The effects of Ca and Mn on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of Mg-4 Zn alloy. J. Magn. Alloys. 9, 1084–1097 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.012
S. Suresh, M. Navaneetha Krishnan, S.C. Vettivel, Effect of B4C on strength coefficient, cold deformation and work hardening exponent characteristics of Mg composites. J. Magn. Alloys. 10, 1381–1400 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.09.010
S. Fida Hassan, A.M. Al-Qutub, K.S. Tun, M. Gupta, Study of wear mechanisms of a novel magnesium based hybrid nanocomposite. J. Tribol. 137, 011601 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028078
S. García-Rodríguez, B. Torres, A. Maroto, A.J. López, E. Otero, J. Rams, Dry sliding wear behavior of globular AZ91 magnesium alloy and AZ91/SiCp composites. Wear. 390–391, 1–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2017.06.010
S.R. Yu, Z.Q. Huang, Dry sliding wear behavior of fly ash cenosphere/AZ91D Mg alloy composites. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 23(10), 3480–3488 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1157-7
N. Li, H. Yan, Effects of rare earth Pr and heat treatment on the wear properties of AZ91 Alloy. Crystals. 8, 256 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8060256
M.L. Bharathi, S.A. Rag, L. Chitra, R.M. Ashick, V. Tripathi, S.S. Kumar, S. Al Obaid, S. Alfarraj, M. Murugesan, I.K. Raghavan, Investigation on wear characteristics of AZ91D/nanoalumina composites. J. Nanomater., 2022, pp.1-9.
P.C. Elumalai, R. Ganesh, Investigation on dry sliding wear behavior of titanium dioxide-reinforced magnesium matrix composite. Surf. Rev. Lett. 28(11), 2150106 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X21501067
K. Ponappa, S. Aravindan, V.R. Paruchuri, Influence of Y2O3 particles on mechanical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloy (AZ91D). J. Compos. Mater. 47(10), 1231–1239 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998312446501
M.S. Kujur, V. Manakari, G. Parande, S. Prasadh, R. Wong, A. Mallick, M. Gupta, Development of rare-earth oxide reinforced magnesium nanocomposites for orthopedic applications: a mechanical/immersion/biocompatibility perspective. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 114, 104162 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104162
B.M. Girish, B.M. Satish, D.R. Sadanand Sarapure, B. Somashekar, Optimization of wear behavior of magnesium alloy AZ91 hybrid composites using Taguchi experimental design. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 47A, 2016–3193 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3447-1
C. Kannan, R. Ramanujam, Comparative study on the mechanical and microstructural characterisation of AA7075 nano and hybrid nanocomposites produced by stir and squeeze casting. J. Adv. Res. 8, 309–319 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.02.005
M. Hajiali Fini, A. Amadeh, Improvement of wear and corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy by applying Ni-SiC nanocomposite coating via pulse electrodeposition. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 23, 2914–2922 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62814-9
J.A. Jeffrey, S.S. Kumar, P. Hariharan, M. Kamesh, A.M. Raj, (2022) “Production and assessment of AZ91 reinforced with nano SiC through stir casting process.” Mater. Sci. Forum. 1048, 9–14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1048.9
S.F. Hassan, K.S. Tun, M. Gupta, Effect of sintering techniques on the microstructure and tensile properties of nano-yttria particulates reinforced magnesium nanocomposites. J. Alloys Compd. 509, 4341–4347 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.01.064
A.S. Anasyida, A.R. Daud, M.J. Ghazali, Dry sliding wear behaviour of Al–12Si–4Mg alloy with cerium addition. Mater. Des. 31, 365–374 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.007
A. Mallicka, K.S. Tunb, M. Gupta, Deformation behavior of Mg/Y2O3 nanocomposite at elevated temperatures. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 551, 222–230 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.116
A. Zafari, H.M. Ghasemi, R. Mahmudi, An investigation on the tribological behavior of AZ91 and AZ91 + 3 wt% RE magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures. Mater. Des. 54, 544–552 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.073
G.S. Kulkarni, N.G. Siddeshkumar, C. Durga Prasad, L. Shankar, R. Suresh, Drilling of GFRP with liquid silicon rubber reinforced with fine aluminium powder on hole surface quality and tool wear using DOE. J. Bio. Tribo-Corros. 9, 53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-023-00771-8
H. Sharanabasva, C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Ramesh, Characterization and wear behavior of NiCrMoSi microwave cladding. J. Mater. Eng. Perf. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07998-z
C.J. Manjunatha, C. Durga Prasad, H. Hanumanthappa, A. Rajesh Kannan, D.G. Mohan, B.K. Shanmugam, C. Venkategowda, Influence of microstructural characteristics on wear and corrosion behaviour of Si3N4 reinforced Al2219 composites. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2023, 1120569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1120569
J. An, Y.X. Zhang, X.X. Lv, Tribological characteristics of Mg–3Al–04Si–01Zn alloy at elevated temperatures of 50–200 °C. Tribol. Lett. 66, 14 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-017-0968-8
V. Gowda, H. Hanumanthappa, B.K. Shanmugam, C. Durga Prasad, T.N. Sreenivasa, M.S. Rajendra Kumar, High-temperature tribological studies on hot forged Al6061- Tib2 in-situ composites. J. Bio and Tribo-Corros. 8, 101 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-022-00699-5
Acknowledgements
Authors wish to thank for Matrics Tech Solutions, Kalpadi, Kanyakumari (D), Tamil Nadu (s), India supporting to conduct experiments (casting process) and materials testing.
Funding
During the preparation of this work, the authors state that they did not receive any funding, grants, or other support of any kind.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors claim to be unaware of any financial or personal ties that may have affected their study
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gotagunaki, S., Mudakappanavar, V.S., Suresh, R. et al. Studies on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of an AZ91D Magnesium Metal Matrix Composite Utilizing the Stir Casting Method. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 12, 986–998 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-023-01017-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-023-01017-2