Abstract
This paper challenges the widely held hypothesis, considered in some circles as accepted scientific consensus, that modern industrial society is rapidly exhausting non-renewable resources. We argue that this paradigm is amiss and use copper availability as an example to demonstrate the problems with this consensus. In the 80 years for which reasonably reliable estimates of copper reserves and reserve life are available, there is no evidence of resource exhaustion. In addition, an analysis of the economics of resource exploration indicates that mining companies will treat exploration as an inventory control problem and trade off using limited capital resources between expanding inventories of reserves and generating current revenue through production. In the case of the copper industry, it is argued that there is little incentive for major copper producers to explore for more resources. Non-producers, exploration companies do have an incentive for expanding reserves, but this does not change the conclusion that new copper resources are effectively not worth looking for. We also conjecture that, except for in rare and temporary circumstances, this conclusion is applicable to many non-renewable resources. Ultimately, this implies that aggregate reserve-life calculations for all types of non-renewable resources are inherently flawed.
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Notes
For simplicity, we limit the discussion to metalliferous minerals although the analysis can possibly be extended to carbon-based minerals such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
USGS, personal communication with Daniel Edelman, USGS Copper Specialist.
So note, for example, that there are no estimates for the period during WWII, and estimates are not available on an even five-year basis. Also, the definition of “reserves” was broadened slightly in the 1980s to “reserve base” which can include some sub-economic materials.
Julian Simon was an early proponent of this view. See, for example, The Resourceful Earth: A Response to "Global 2000" (1984), Julian Simon & Herman Kahn, eds.
Hotelling’s model for non-renewable resources predicts long-run rising prices of commodities to allow continued production from lower-grade materials. As Julian Simon’s famous bet with Paul Ehrlich demonstrated, the opposite has occurred—inflation-adjusted prices of non-renewable resources have declined over time.
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Dobra, J., Dobra, M. Another look at non-renewable resource exhaustion. Miner Econ 27, 33–41 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-014-0044-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-014-0044-x