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Cosmological Bounds of Sterile Neutrinos in a S U(3) C ⊗S U(3) L ⊗S U(3) R ⊗U(1) N Model as Dark Matter Candidates

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Abstract

We study sterile neutrinos in an extension of the standard model, based on the gauge group S U(3) C ⊗S U(3) L ⊗S U(3) R ⊗U(1) N , and use this model to illustrate how to apply cosmological limits to thermalized particles that decouple while relativistic. These neutrinos, N a L , can be dark matter candidates, with a kiloelectron volt mass range arising rather naturally in this model. We analyse the cosmological limits imposed by N e f f and dark matter abundance on these neutrinos. Assuming that these neutrinos have roughly equal masses and are not CDM, we conclude that the N e f f experimental value can be satisfied in some cases and the abundance constraint implies that these neutrinos are hot dark matter. With this information, we give upper bounds on the Yukawa coupling between the sterile neutrinos and a scalar field, the possible values of the VEV of this scalar field and lower bounds to the mass of one gauge boson of the model.

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Notes

  1. A similar model, based on a S U(2) R ⊗S U(2) L ⊗U(1) B−L symmetry, has a bidoublet in its scalar spectrum [4]. In the same spirit, the introduction of a bitriplet in the 3L3R could generate a new and interesting phenomenology. In this paper we adopt the scalar spectrum with only scalar triplets, as described in Ref. [1].

  2. In ref. [3], in a 3-3-1 model without the S U(3) R group, \(\nu ^{2}_{\rho _{L}}=145.5\) GeV. Adopting this value instead of zero does not change appreciably our results.

  3. Actually, this is the value assuming an instantaneous decoupling of the neutrinos and the plasma. When an non-instantaneous decoupling is considered, N e f f =3.046.

  4. The interaction between electrons and neutrinos, through charged and neutral currents, makes the neutrinos stay in thermal equilibrium with the electrons. Since the electrons are also in equilibrium with the photons, a thermal equilibrium between neutrinos and photons happens.

  5. To our knowledge, there are no experimental limits on the mass of the U L bosons of this model. There are experimental limits on the mass of the \(Z^{\prime }\) (the \(Z_{L}^{\prime }\) in the 3L3R) of a 3-3-1RH model [3], which is similar to the left-handed sector of the 3L3R. These limits are given in [10]. The limit given is \(M_{Z^{\prime }}\geq 2.2 TeV\). This implies that M U /M W ≥25. The results given in [10] are not completely applicable to the 3L3R. But if they are used (to give at least an estimate of a lower limit of the U L mass) N a L never decouples before pion annihilation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    C. P. Ferreira, M. M. Guzzo & P. C. de Holanda

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  1. C. P. Ferreira
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  2. M. M. Guzzo
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  3. P. C. de Holanda
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Correspondence to C. P. Ferreira.

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Ferreira, C.P., Guzzo, M.M. & de Holanda, P.C. Cosmological Bounds of Sterile Neutrinos in a S U(3) C ⊗S U(3) L ⊗S U(3) R ⊗U(1) N Model as Dark Matter Candidates. Braz J Phys 46, 453–461 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-016-0427-2

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