Abstract
This research paper comprises of application of a flame-retardant finish on the Varanasi brocade pineapple fabric. The novel technique can impart durable flame retardancy. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as an intumescent flame-retardant polymer to impart flame retardancy. An investigation on the optimization of APP solution concentration has been made. The fabric characterization for the final product's flame-retardant property after the application is presented. The treated fabric has shown increased LOI values with increasing concentrations of APP up to a specific limit. The LOI of 36.7% was determined at a 15% solution concentration. The SEM images showed APP's presence on the pineapple fibers' surface, and the EDX analysis of fabric samples confirmed the elemental addition of nitrogen and phosphorous in the treated fabric. FTIR analysis of control and treated fabric confirms the P-O-C covalent bonding between fiber and APP. TGA analysis of samples has shown the treated samples' low thermal degradation and weight loss compared to control. VFT test showed increased char length and no after-flame time for 15% APP-treated pineapple fabric. Cone calorimetric analysis confirmed that PHRR decreased by around 98% while ARHE and THRR decreased by 49.56% and 50% after 15% of APP treatment. Images of samples after cone calorimetric analysis have presented the layer of char formation in treated fabric. LOI > 25 was retained after 20 home laundering of the treated fabric. And no significant effect of APP was found on the colorimetric values of dyed pineapple fabric.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Lim KS, Bee ST, Sin LT, Tee TT, Ratnam CT, Hui D, Rahmat AR (2016) A review of application of ammonium polyphosphate as intumescent flame retardant in thermoplastic composites. Compos B Eng 84:155–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.066
Dasari A, Yu ZZ, Cai GP, Mai YW (2013) Recent developments in the fire retardancy of polymeric materials. Prog Polym Sci 38:1357–1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.006
Beyer G (2001) Flame retardant properties of EVA-nanocomposites and improvements by combination of nanofillers with aluminum trihydrate. Fire Mater 25:193–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.776
Sain M, Park SH, Suhara F, Law S (2004) Flame retardant and mechanical properties of natural fibre-PP composites containing magnesium hydroxide. Polym Degrad Stab 83:363–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00280-5
Georlette P, Simons J, Costa L (2000) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Georlette P (2001) Fire retardant materials. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
Levchik SV, Levchik GF, Balabanovich AI, Camino G, Costa L (1996) Mechanistic study of combustion performance and thermal decomposition behaviour of nylon 6 with added halogen-free fire retardants. Polym Degrad Stab 54:217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00046-8
Camino G, Costa L, Luda MP (1993) Mechanistic aspects of intumescent fire-retardant systems. Makromol Chem Macromol Symp 74:71–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.19930740109
Lu Y, Jia Y, Zhang G, Zhang F (2018) An eco-friendly intumescent flame retardant with high efficiency and durability for cotton fabric. Cellulose 25:5389–5404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1930-0
Le Bras M, Bourbigot S, Revel B (1999) Comprehensive study of the degradation of an intumescent EVA-based material during combustion. J Mater Sci 34:5777–5782. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004758218104
Cullis CF, Hirschler MM, Tao QM (1991) Studies of the effects of phosphorusnitrogen-bromine systems on the combustion of some thermoplastic polymers. Eur Polym J 27:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(91)90107-Y
Lewin M (1999) Synergistic and catalytic effects in flame retardancy of polymeric materialsdan overview. J Fire Sci 17:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/073490419901700101
Green J (1992) A review of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. J Fire Sci 10:470–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041920100060
Chen H, Xia W, Wang N, Liu Y, Fan P, Wang S, Li S, Liu J, Tang T, Zhang A, Ding Z, Wu W, Chen Q (2022) Flame retardancy of biodegradable polylactic acid with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant. J Fire Sci 40:254–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041221093546
Wang S, Wu W, Chen Q, Ding Z, Li S, Zhang A, Tang T, Liu J, Okoye PU (2023) Preparation of DOPO-derived magnesium phosphate whisker and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin. J Appl Poly Sci 140:e53430. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53430
Chen Q, Wang S, Li S, Zhang A (2023) Highly efficient phosphorous-containing flame retardant for transparent epoxy resin with good mechanical properties. J Poly Res 30:32–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03398-4
Chen XL, Ma CY, Jiao CM (2016) Synergistic effects between iron-graphene and ammonium polyphosphate in flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. J Therm Anal Calorim 126:633–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5494-7
Laoutid F, Bonnaud L, Alexandre M, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Dubois P (2009) New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 63:100–125
Xu L, Jiang Y, Qiu R (2018) Parametric study and global sensitivity analysis for co-pyrolysis of rape straw and waste tire via variance-based decomposition. Bioresour Technol 247:545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.141
Seki Y (2018) Conductive cotton fabrics coated with Myristic acid/zinc oxide nanoparticles. Polym Plast Technol Eng 57:766–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1344859
Duan DL, Ruan R, Wang YP, Liu YH, Dai LL, Zhao YF, Zhou Y, Wu QH (2018) Microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of alkali lignin: effect on characteristics and pyrolysis behavior. Bioresour Technol 251:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.022
Gu LM, Ge Z, Huang MH, Luo YJ (2015) Halogen-free flameretardant waterborne polyurethane with a novel cyclic structure of phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 132:41288. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41288
Tian XY, He W, Cui JJ, Zhang DX, Zhou WJ, Yan SP, Sun XN, Han XX, Han SS, Yue YZ (2010) Mesoporous zirconium phosphate from yeast biotemplate. J Colloid Interf Sci 343:344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.11.037
Yang ZY, Wang XW, Lei DP, Fei B, Xin JH (2012) A durable flame retardant for cellulosic fabrics. Polym Degrad Stabil 97:2467–2472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.023
Zhao X, Guerrero FR, Llorca J, Wang DY (2016) New superefficiently flame-retardant bioplastic poly (lactic acid): flammability, thermal decomposition behavior, and tensile properties. ACS Sust Chem Eng 4:202–209. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00980
Jiang XC, Li P, Liu Y, Wang JS (2023) Flame-retardant ramie fabrics with APP: flame retardancy, flame-retardant mechanism and mechanical properties. Cellulose 30:1321–1334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04962-3
Wang S, Kong D, Chen H, Wang Z, Lu Z (2022) Construction of a novel B/N/Si synergistic flame retardant system and its application on cotton fabric. Ind Crops Prod 178:114574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114574
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AK: Conceptualization, Investigation and Data interpretation; AK, KC and SS: Writing-Original Draft preparation and Methodology; CP, AK and KC: Writing Review and Editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors agree to the publishing of the paper.
Competing interests
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kushwaha, A., Chaudhary, K., Singh, S. et al. Application of ammonium polyphosphate as intumescent flame retardant on Varanasi brocade pineapple fabric. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04274-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04274-x