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Ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic and ZnO nanoparticles supported activated carbon derived from Azolla filiculoides biomass

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Abstract

Contamination with pharmaceutical compounds, especially antibiotics, has become the focus of pollution control studies because of their high toxicity and difficulty in removing from aqueous media. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from Azolla filiculoides (ACAF) and magnetized using Fe3O4; finally, its further stabilization was done using ZnO nanoparticles (ACAF/Fe3O4/ZnO). The prepared adsorbent was used to remove ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic from an aqueous solution. The adsorption–desorption process was performed in six consecutive runs, and only an 8% reduction was observed in the efficiency. Various parameters such as temperature, contact time, initial CIP concentration, nanocomposite concentration, and pH were examined. The results showed that removal of 100% was obtained at 75 min contact time for a CIP concentration of 10 mg/L at the optimum pH of 5 and temperature of 30 °C. The surface area and size of the nanocomposite were studied, which were equal to 1401 m2 g−1 and 2.26 nm, respectively. Also, the nanocomposite had a saturated magnetic property equal to 21.5 emu g−1. Equilibrium data were analyzed using four isothermal models and four kinetic models, and four error coefficient models were used to ensure. Due to the high regression coefficient and lower error coefficient, the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model were more consistent with equilibrium data. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent according to the Langmuir model was equal to 147.7, 153.3, 165.6, and 178.8 mg/g at temperatures of 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C. Examination of thermodynamic quantities shows that ΔG° is negative and ΔH° is positive. Therefore, the adsorption occurs optimally and spontaneously and has endothermic nature. Finally, this study shows a sustainable and commercially viable route for the use of environmentally friendly compounds.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (code: 10800). Dr. GS Zaman extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, KSA, for funding this work through small research group program under grant number RGP.01/299/43.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

    Ameer A. Alameri

  2. Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

    Raed H. C. Alfilh

  3. Department of medical laboratory techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi 31001, Iraq

    Sameer A. Awad

  4. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Gaffar Sarwar Zaman

  5. Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq

    Tariq J. Al-Musawi

  6. Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Maryam Masoumi Joybari

  7. Department of Environmental Health, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Davoud Balarak

  8. Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

    Gordon McKay

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  1. Ameer A. Alameri
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  2. Raed H. C. Alfilh
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  3. Sameer A. Awad
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  4. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman
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  5. Tariq J. Al-Musawi
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  6. Maryam Masoumi Joybari
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  7. Davoud Balarak
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  8. Gordon McKay
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Ameer A. Alameri, Raed H. C. Alfilh, Sameer A. Awad, and Gaffar Sarwar Zaman. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Davoud Balarak and Tariq J. Al–Musawi; all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Davoud Balarak.

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Alameri, A.A., Alfilh, R.H.C., Awad, S.A. et al. Ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic and ZnO nanoparticles supported activated carbon derived from Azolla filiculoides biomass. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03372-6

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