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Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities of wood vinegar: a potential remedy for major plant diseases and inflammatory reactions

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Abstract

Wood vinegar is a complex aquaeous mixture of chemicals with different compounds. It has been used for many purposes and in different areas: agriculture, food preservation, and pharmaceutical and medical applications. In this study, we aimed to delineate the effect of wood vinegar on different pathogenic bacteria and fungi as well as macrophages and bacteriophages. We investigated wood vinegar’s effect on the growth of different pathogenic bacteria, fungi, oomycytes, and bacteriophages. Mammalian macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of wood vinegar and change in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL6)) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Wood vinegar exerted anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity but lacked anti-bacteriophage activity. Moreover, wood vinegar significantly reduced the production levels of pro-inflammatory TNF and IL6 cytokines by mammalian macrophage like cells. Therefore, wood vinegar has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal application potential.

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The data is available upon reasonable request. Raw data is also presented in the supplementary folder.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Juan Anguita from CICBiogune, Spain, for his precious support. We would like to thank Erdal Mutlu and İhsan Mutlu for supplying us wood vinegar and conducting field experiments on avocado plants and chestnut trees. Our sincere appreciation goes to İhsan Mutlu for sharing the production process of wood vinegar with us.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Gizem Yıldızlı, Gokhan Coral & Furkan Ayaz

  2. Mersin University Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Furkan Ayaz

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  1. Gizem Yıldızlı
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Contributions

FA conceived and designed research. FA and GY conducted experiments. GC and FA contributed new reagents or analytical tools. FA, GY, and GC analyzed data. FA, GY, and GC wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gokhan Coral or Furkan Ayaz.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors Gokhan Coral and Gizem Yıldızlı do not have either financial or non-financial conflict of interest. Furkan Ayaz has been a consultant for Bilen Kömür LTD ŞTİ for the usage of biochar and wood vinegar in animal husbandry and agriculture; other than that, he does not have any financial or non-financial conflict of interest.

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Gokhan Coral and Furkan Ayaz contributed equally to this work.

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Yıldızlı, G., Coral, G. & Ayaz, F. Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities of wood vinegar: a potential remedy for major plant diseases and inflammatory reactions. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 3633–3642 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02482-5

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