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A review of recent research and developments in fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading

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Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels and the negative impacts of their extraction and combustion on the environment have encouraged scientists and industrial stakeholders to explore the development of alternative, renewable energy resources such as bio-oil, which can be produced from biomass by fast pyrolysis. The main disadvantages of crude bio-oils derived from fast pyrolysis are their poor quality caused by the presence of water and oxygen compounds, high viscosity, instability during storage, and their low heating value and high acidity (corrosiveness). To overcome these shortcomings and improve the properties of bio-oils, several techniques have been proposed. The present review provides an in-depth survey of recent studies in the field of fast pyrolysis of biomass and bio-oil upgrading. Different methods and various processes, including novel techniques such as those making use of plasma reactor and microwave-assisted approach, the use of algae as biomass, and pyrolysis under supercritical conditions, are reviewed to explore and critically assess the proposed improvements. We also examine recent advances in the field of bio-oil upgrading, focusing on chemical and catalytic processes such as the combination of fast pyrolysis, bio-oil upgrading utilizing zeolite and nonzeolite catalysts, and computational simulation methods. Finally, we assess recent progress in the improvement of the properties of the ultimate product and review the pros and cons of pyrolysis and upgrading techniques for bio-oils. We conclude with a section examining future challenges, perspectives, as well as the commercial feasibility/viability of fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading.

Due to energy crisis and environmental issues, biofuel production is inevitable in the near future. In this regard, one of the most significant methods is fast pyrolysis of biomass (lignocellulosic materials such as woody biomass, agricultural waste, and algae) and bio-oil upgrading. Various physical and chemical techniques such as hydrodeoxygenation, in situ and ex situ catalytic upgrading, plasma reactor, and microwave-assisted process are reviewed by taking a look at the challenges and solutions.

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Abbreviations

AF:

Ash factor

AEDM:

Activation energy distribution model

AHCs:

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

BDEs:

Bond dissociation energies

BEP:

BrØnsted-Evans-Polanyi

BGAB:

Blue-green algae blooms

BTX:

Benzene, toluene, xylene

BTEX:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CFP:

Catalytic fast pyrolysis

CNFs:

Carbon nanofibers

CPD:

Chemical percolation devolatilization

DAEM:

Distributed activation energy model

DBD:

Dielectric barrier discharge

DDO:

Direct hydrodeoxygenation

DFT:

Density functional theory

DNP:

Double numerical plus polarization

ESP:

Electrostatic precipitator

FCC:

Fluid catalytic cracking

FP:

Fast pyrolysis

FWO:

Flynn-Wall-Ozawa

GGA:

Generalized gradient approximation

HDO:

Hydrodeoxygenation

HDT:

Hydrotreating

HHV:

Higher heating value

ICP:

Integrated catalytic pyrolysis

IIFB:

Internally interconnected fluidized bed reactor

JSC:

Jatropha seedshell cake

KAS:

Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose

KMC:

Kinetic Monte Carlo

LHV:

Lower heating value

LHSV:

Liquid hourly space velocity

MAHs:

Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

MAP:

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis

MFC:

Mass flow control

MW-FA:

Microwave-assisted pretreatment in the presence of formic acid

NCGs:

Noncondensable gases

NT:

Nonthermal

OOC:

Oxygenated organic compounds

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAW:

Projector-augmented wave

PO:

Pyrolysis oil

PR:

Plasma reactor

RPBE:

Revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof

SCF:

Supercritical fluid

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

TOF:

Turnover frequency

UDF:

User-defined functions

VASP:

Vienna ab initio simulation package

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Acknowledgements

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada

    Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh, Patrick Drogui & Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi

  2. Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec (CRIQ), 333, rue Franquet, Québec, QC, G1P 4C7, Canada

    Olga Solomatnikova

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  1. Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh
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  2. Olga Solomatnikova
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  3. Patrick Drogui
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Correspondence to Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh or Patrick Drogui.

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Highlights

• Recent novel processes and technologies in integrated fast pyrolysis

• Physical and chemical bio-oil upgrading techniques

• Computational modeling of fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading

• Issues and challenges of fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading

• Scale-up consideration and future development

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Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh, A., Solomatnikova, O., Drogui, P. et al. A review of recent research and developments in fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 8, 739–773 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0320-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0320-z

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