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Removal of ammonia from producer gas in biomass gasification: integration of gasification optimisation and hot catalytic gas cleaning

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Abstract

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the main contaminants in the biomass gasification producer gas, which is undesirable in downstream applications, and thus must be removed. When the producer gas is used in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technology, NH3 is the main precursor of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) formed in gas turbine, whereas in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and in integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) technology, the NH3 gas poisons the catalysts employed. This paper presents a critical review on the recent development in the understanding of the NH3 formation in biomass gasification process and in the NH3 gas cleaning technologies. The NH3 gas concentration in the producer gas can firstly be reduced by the primary measures taken in the gasification process by operation optimisation and using in-bed catalytic materials. Further removal of the NH3 gas can be implemented by the secondary measures introduced in the post-gasification gas-cleaning process. Focus is given on the catalytic gas cleaning in the secondary measures and its advantages are analysed including energy efficiency, impacts on environment and recyclability of the catalyst. Based on the review, the most effective cleaning process is proposed with integration of both the primary and the secondary measures for application in a biomass gasification process.

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Abbreviations

IGCC:

Integrated gasification combined cycle

IGFC:

Integrated gasification fuel cell

FT:

Fischer–Tropsch

BFB:

Bubbling fluidised bed

CFB:

Circulating fluidised bed

PAFC:

Phosphoric acid fuel cell

PEMFC:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

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Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank the New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation (MSI) for the financial support on this work as part of the Biomass to Syngas and Liquid Fuel (BTSL) programme. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Aaron Marshall and Ms. Nargess Puladian of this department for valuable suggestions on the thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Finally, the authors also like to thank the anonymous reviewers of this paper for their valuable comments.

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  1. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

    Janjira Hongrapipat, Woei-Lean Saw & Shusheng Pang

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  1. Janjira Hongrapipat
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Hongrapipat, J., Saw, WL. & Pang, S. Removal of ammonia from producer gas in biomass gasification: integration of gasification optimisation and hot catalytic gas cleaning. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 2, 327–348 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-012-0047-1

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