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Virtual Inertia Emulation of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generation (IIDG) for Dynamic Frequency Stability & Damping Enhancement Through BFOA Tuned Optimal Controller

  • Research Article-Electrical Engineering
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Abstract

Dynamic frequency stability concerns are engendered in the modern electric power system due to the large penetration of low inertia inverter interfaced distributed generation (IIDG) into the utility grid. Therefore, inertial support is needed similar to the conventional synchronous generator. From recent studies, it was observed that frequency stability is considered as one of the major challenges for the system operators and is required to be alleviated. In this methodology, the virtual inertia (VI) concept is suggested as a promising solution to boost the inertial response of IIDG. Full state feedback through a robust linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is employed to find optimal inertia and damping coefficients to emulate VI in IIDG. These coefficients are used to evaluate the additional power required to provide inertia emulation by a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). To upgrade the performance index in LQR, a bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) is suggested for optimal parameters (weights) selection in the problem search space. The proposed optimal controller ameliorates VI dynamics and brings system frequency faster to the nominal value and allows more penetration of IIDGs. Time-domain simulated results and observed test system eigenvalues corroborate the effectiveness of a proposed controller. Time-domain simulations have been obtained using MATLAB/Sim Power Systems toolbox, and the LINMOD function in MATLAB is used to linearize the suggested system.

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Abbreviations

IIDG:

Inverter interfaced distributed generation

VI:

Virtual inertia

LQR:

Linear quadratic regulator

VSG:

Virtual synchronous generator

BFOA:

Bacteria foraging optimization algorithm

SG:

Synchronous generator

SM:

Synchronous machine

PMSG:

Permanent magnet SG

DFIG:

Doubly fed induction generator

ESS:

Energy storage system

RoCoF:

Rate of change of frequency

ETAP:

Electrical transient analyzer program

K.E:

Kinetic energy

C.P:

Constant parameter

PI:

Performance index

PLL:

Phase-locked loop

SRF:

Synchronous rotating frame

VSI:

Voltage source inverter

CC:

Current control

RAE:

Riccati algebraic equation

i L :

Inverter output current

v g :

Grid voltage

u s :

Inverter output voltage

iLd , iLq :

Inverter current in d-q frame of reference

i* Ld , i* Lq :

Reference currents

P m :

Mechanical input power

P e :

Electrical output power

f :

Measured frequency

fnom :

Nominal frequency

H e :

Equivalent inertia

J :

Moment of inertia

S b :

Base MVA

H SG :

SG inertia

SSG :

SG maximum capacity

W SG :

SG stored K.E

W KE :

Emulated K. E

H IIDG :

IIDG equivalent inertia

V DC :

DC link voltage

S IIDG :

IIDG rated capacity

ΔP IIDG :

Additional emulated active power

M :

Virtual inertia coefficient

D :

Virtual damping coefficient

Q :

Performance weight function

R :

Actuator weight function

ΔE :

Change in K.E

ΔV DC :

Change in dc link voltage

K p , K i :

Proportional and integral gain

J PI :

Cost function

ΔP L :

Sudden load change

pu :

Per unit

ω :

Measured angular frequency

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India

    Sudhir Kumar Singh, Rajveer Singh, Haroon Ashfaq & Rajeev Kumar

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad, India

    Rajeev Kumar

Authors
  1. Sudhir Kumar Singh
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  2. Rajveer Singh
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  3. Haroon Ashfaq
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  4. Rajeev Kumar
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Correspondence to Sudhir Kumar Singh or Rajeev Kumar.

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Singh, S.K., Singh, R., Ashfaq, H. et al. Virtual Inertia Emulation of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generation (IIDG) for Dynamic Frequency Stability & Damping Enhancement Through BFOA Tuned Optimal Controller. Arab J Sci Eng 47, 3293–3310 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06121-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06121-5

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